Geography and Fact Sheet About the Philippines

The Philippines, officially called the Republic of the Philippines, is an island nation located in the  western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. The country is an archipelago made up of 7,107 islands and is near the countries of Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. As of 2018, the Philippines had a population of roughly 108 million people and was the 13th most populous country in the world. Fast Facts: The Philippines Official Name: Republic of the PhilippinesCapital: ManilaPopulation: roughly 108,000,000 (2019)Official Languages: Filipino and EnglishCurrency: Philippine pesos (PHP)Form of Government: Presidential republicClimate: Tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)Total Area: 115,831 square miles (300,000 square kilometers)  Highest Point: Mount Apo 9,692 feet (2,954 meters)Lowest Point: Philippine Sea 0 feet (0 meters) History of the Philippines In 1521, European exploration of the Philippines began when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the islands for Spain. He was killed shortly thereafter, however, after getting involved in tribal warfare on the islands. During the rest of the 16th century and into the 17th and 18th centuries, Christianity was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish conquistadores. During this time, the Philippines were also under the administrative control of Spanish North America. As a result, there was migration between the two areas. In 1810, Mexico claimed its independence from Spain and control of the Philippines went back to Spain. During Spanish rule, Roman Catholicism increased in the Philippines, and a complex government was established in Manila. In the 19th century, there were numerous uprisings against Spanish control by the local population of the Philippines. For example, in 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against Spain. Revolutionary Andres Bonifacio named himself as president of the newly-independent nation in 1896. The revolt continued until May 1898, when American forces defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. After the defeat, Aguinaldo and the Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Shortly thereafter, the islands were ceded to the United States with the Treaty of Paris. From 1899 to 1902, the Philippine-American War took place as Filipinos fought against American control of the Philippines. On July 4, 1902, a Peace Proclamation ended the war, but hostilities continued until 1913. In 1935, the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth after the Tydings-McDuffie Act. During World War II, the Philippines were attacked by Japan. In 1942, the islands came under Japanese control. Beginning in 1944, full-scale fighting began in the Philippines in an effort to end Japanese control. In 1945, Filipino and American forces caused Japan to surrender, but the city of Manila was largely destroyed, and over one million Filipinos were killed. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines became fully independent as the Republic of the Philippines. Following its independence, the Republic of the Philippines struggled to gain political and social stability until the 1980s. During the late 1980s and into the 1990s, the Philippines began to regain stability and grow economically, despite some political conspiracies in the early 2000s. Government of the Philippines Today, the Philippines is considered a republic with an executive branch made up of a chief of state and a head of government—both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch of government is made up of a bicameral Congress that consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan, a special appellate anti-graft court set up in 1973. The Philippines is divided into 80 provinces and 120 charter cities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in the Philippines The economy of the Philippines is growing due to its rich natural resources and overseas workers. The largest industries in the Philippines include electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining,  and fishing. Agriculture also plays a large role in the Philippines, and the main products are sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassava, pineapples, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef, and fish. Geography and Climate of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago comprised of 7,107 islands in the South China, Philippine, Sulu, and Celebes Seas, along with the Luzon Strait. The topography of the islands is mostly mountainous with narrow to large coastal lowlands, depending on the island. The Philippines is divided into three main geographic areas: the Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The climate of the Philippines is tropical marine with a northeast monsoon from November to April and a southwest monsoon from May to October. The Philippines, like many other tropical island nations, has problems with deforestation and soil and water pollution. The Philippines problems with air pollution are especially bad because of large populations in its urban centers. More Facts About the Philippines Filipino is the official national language, while English is the official language of government and education.The life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2019 is 71.16 years.Other large cities in the Philippines include Davao City and Cebu City. Sources â€Å"Philippines.†Ã‚  Infoplease, Infoplease, https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/philippines.â€Å"The World Factbook: Philippines.†Ã‚  Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html.â€Å"U.S. Relations With the Philippines - United States Department of State.†Ã‚  U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/.

The Structure of The Roman Empire Essay - 1306 Words

The Roman Empire, was the largest known civilization. The Roman Empire began when Augustus won the second great civil war and ended, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown by the Germanic King Odoacer. The empire continued in the East as the Byzantine Empire (Mark). The structure of the Empire was such that one individual had complete control over all matters of the state, The Emperor, of course there were various branches of the government that still served under the emperor and functioned on their own, dealing with the integral economic and social aspects of the Roman state. The concept of consul’s remained, yet their power was diminished and they could only serve as advisors to the Emperor and acted†¦show more content†¦The Roman Empire’s primary weakness lay in who was in power. Since all Emperors had unrivalled rule throughout the Empire, many began to abuse the title. Many Emperor’s such Vitellius, Nero and Caligula often ignored their duties as Emperor and used their title for self-gain. They would use their newfound wealth, gained from the title, to pamper themselves, enjoying the luxuries that Rome offered. The Emperor’s lost their dictum and prestige. The wealth of the Roman nation greatly increased during the Empire’s reign. This was due to the fact that they were no longer at war. Yet, since Emperor’s and other officials began to spend it on luxuries this went to waste. Rome eventually also switched to the barter system, gold coins became less prominent. This meant salaries were paid with food and other household items. Tax was also paid in the same manner. When the transition from Republic to Empire came about many of the Republic’s traits remained, the only difference being the addition of an Emperor, the flexibility of the class system and the removal of the people’s say in state matters. Due to this there were no clear guidelines as to how the next Emperor would be chosen. It became a matter of discussion and was decided by the Emperor, the Senate, the army and the Emperor’s guard. Eventually though, as the quality of the Emperors fell, there were often uprisings by the army who would call for aShow MoreRelatedExploration of the Political Structure of the Roman Empire4418 Words   |  18 PagesExploration of the Political Structure of the Roman Empire The public sphere of Rome, which included religious norms, social settings, as well as some other cultural divides, has been known to greatly affect the Roman political system throughout, from its inception to its fall. Our world has seen many great empires and perhaps the most popular one by name is the Roman Empire. A great number of books have been written on this subject, many movies have been made, and the Roman Empire remains rich in our mindsRead MoreThe Roman Empire : The Most Extensive Political And Social Structure Of Western Civilization1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roman Empire At its height, the Roman Empire was the most extensive political and social structure of western civilization. The remains of this empire can still be seen today. The empire was filled with advanced people and technology for its time. The Roman Empire has rich history, helpful geography and resources, provinces, an advanced government, unique people and a fascinating culture. Ancient Rome can be divided into three main parts. 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Rationale Learning and F-16 Falcon Paper Free Essays

Rationale for Micro Teach 1 I have chosen the topic of making an F-16 falcon paper aeroplane as an ice breaking exercise; this will create a fun atmosphere and will help build a good working rapport with my students helping the students to relax making the learning environment a lot more comfortable, which in turn will aid learning. Equal opportunities are met by this topic and the method is not gender, ethical, moral or socially biased. This initial lesson will help me gain an understanding of the student’s practical skill capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale: Learning and F-16 Falcon Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now A practical first lesson will help me visually assess student’s ability to work with equipment and to follow simple instructions, as students progress through the harder stages of the demonstration, some students will pick up the skill almost immediately whilst others may struggle informing me of the levels that these students will learn at. Kolb learning cycle will help the students to achieve the final product. Through the actual process of creating the plane, students would be having concrete experience. Students will be able to observe and reflect at each stage helping them to perform each step at a time. Students will then be able to learn from the experience (Abstract Conceptualisation), through trial and error on the harder stages. Finally they will be making the final product and testing it, which refers back to the original concrete experience. The use of PowerPoint to demonstrate the processes involved will be aimed towards the learners who learn via the cognitive domain, these learners work from visual knowledge by applying the instructions. This will be white writing on a blue background to help aid any learners with dyslexia as this is a preferred visual style. Psychomotor domain learners will have the most benefit throughout the actual process of making the plane; these learners can then visually see the processes involved and will immediately be able to mimic the actions involved. There will be an underlying of the cognitive domain for these type learners to help reflect. I will have a pre-made product to show the class as an example, this type of resource can be passed around the class for all to see the method used in construction. I am able to offer assistance to those pupils who I feel may lack in confidence with practical activities, as this type of exercise will allow me to move around the classroom and see learners progress on a one to one basis. The affective domain learners will gain from personal tuition, and in return will be able to complete this exercise. As I go from person to person giving advice and hands on help, I can also mentally assess those learners in the other two domains as I see them progress. My learning objectives will be: These are obtainable and I will know that they have been achieved by the end of the lesson, through the learners answering questions and once learners have successfully made the F-16. As this is my first teaching experience I will be nervous but will teach with confidence, I have thoroughly researched this topic, and therefore have a strong basis of the topic being taught. Learners will see that I have a great knowledge of the subject and this will be portrayed throughout the lesson. I will achieve this by having correct posture, effective body language, and will use eye contact; I will use my voice to maintain a steady pace so that my language will flow. Whatever happens you need to cultivate a confident exterior, even if it is something of an act and you are feeling far from assured inside. † (Capel, Leask Turner 2005) References Capel, S Leask, M Turner, T 2005, Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience, London ; Routledge Kolb learning cycle [Online]. Available from : http://www. ldu. leeds. ac. uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/kolb_flash. htm District, F D A C C 2010. Learning Domains [Online]. Available from : http://pixel. fhda. edu/id/learning_domain. html How to cite Rationale: Learning and F-16 Falcon Paper, Essays

Puritan-vs-Diest thinking free essay sample

Models of Living Puritan religion and eighteenth century Deist thinking are two different movements. The ideas expressed in each of these movements follow the same guidelines but with different principles when describing how one should act through their daily lives. Whether it be through following the expectations of God or through self Improvement, Puritan and Deist thinking go through different ways to live by to be the best person one should be.The Puritan way of life was a religious way of hinging that was driven by one underlining thought, God rules all. To be more specific Puritans expressed God as a way of life where scriptures alone reveal the divine origin. This origin is that God was the creator of the earth and decides all the good; everyone should strive to live their lives through faith as described In scripture. With this notion and way of life one would have a contract with God, living every day to show their faith to Him. Everything that happens is done because God wanted it as if He were testing the faith of the individual.As authors began to produce more rating on Puritan talking they were written as poems, sermons, and narratives. Authors such as John Winthrop, Anne Broadsheet, and Michael Highlighters were all Puritans who had different methods expressing the word of God, faith, and the religious aspect of the Puritan model of living. John Winthrop, a lawyer by trade, used the Puritan way of teaching as a objective approach to live by In A Model of Christian charity. Winthrop poses questions In certain situations that have dealt with every day issues.Each question is followed by a solution where at times a rebuttal is even given to questions that may have different outcomes. In this way Winthrop explains his model as questioning and answering ways of life and merely quoting scripture as his proof to explain reasoning. One life model that he lists is to Do good to all, especially to the household of faith (Winthrop 168) and proves this statement with more scripture, If thin Enemy hungry, feed him, Love your enemies , do good to them that you, Matthew:5. 44 (Winthrop 168).At the end of Winthrop back and forth of life decisions he states, Therefore let us choose life, that we and our seed may live by obeying his voice (Winthrop 177), which summarizes that in daily life one shall allow the expectations that God has set as a way of life. Broadsheet then expresses how faith should be taken, even when God Inflicts pain, In her three elegies to her grandchildren. In these poems she uses her faith as a way to attempt to avoid sorrow for their deaths, Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate. (Broadsheet 230, 14).Through each elegy that Broadsheet writes her pain and grief grows stronger while each poem gets shorter. Although the pain increases, Broadsheet brought herself back to faith by stating, He will return and make up for all our losses, And smile again after our bitter crosses. (Broadsheet 231 , 9-10). Broadsheet goes through a 1 OFF Broadsheet uses the Puritan way of thinking and embraces faith towards God to keep going through life. Lastly Weightlessnesss Day of Doom, depicts the fate that could be shown by the hand of God if you did not exercise Pursuits seriously in day to day life.The use of fear was the main strategy to preach the religion, They cry, they roar for anguish sore Depart to hell, there may you yell and roar eternally. (Highlighters 253, 1635-1640) Eighteen-century Deist thinking was a movement that did not follow the previous religious movement of Pursuits. This religious movement believed in the existence of God, but did not follow his teachings laid out by scripture. Instead it was the belief that God left the world in the hands of man to control the outcomes.The Laws of Nature, physics, science, and other types of analysis methods were ideas that help back Deist thinking. The enlightenment period of deism had the promise of solving personal, intellectual, social, political, and spiritual problems (Vine 83). Puritans greatly disliked this method of life because it directly inverted their own beliefs that unlocking the rules of the world was in Gods own hands, not by ours. Writers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson contributed to this new upcoming way of thinking. Benjamin Franklin in The Autobiography put together a new model of life in which to follow.The idea behind this came from looking critically to his ancestors, developing ideas with an ordering system and then testing his theory to reach a conclusion. In his model he sets forth a model of living to live with the greatest possible potential through self improvement; It was about this time that I conceive the bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection (Franklin 534). The self improvement that Franklin suggests is a daily routine that uses critical thinking and analysis to determine how well ones life is.One should strive to hold values of virtue to thirteen different elements which includes things such as silence, order, and humility. All these types of virtues must be improved day by day in order to improve ones life. Jefferson then contributes his effort in the Deist movement with The Declaration of Independence. With the laws of nature and of natures God entitled them Requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. (663) Here Jefferson uses this document to describe the existence of God but to further describe that God gave the earth to mankind.With the earths outcomes in the hands of man they are entitled to change the effects they have on it. Jefferson does this by saying By their creator with inherent and inalienable rights. .. To secure these rights governments are instituted among men (663). Jefferson is proven a Deist thinker because he uses this statement to explain that the establishment of a government is the right of man given by God. Puritan thinking and the eighteenth-century Deist thinking conflicted in many ways.Although both acknowledged the existence of God, it was only through the Puritan model of living that used the teachings of God to explain that what happens is through His actions. On the other hand Deist thinking believes that Go left the earth to mankind and it is by the actions of man they can pursue their own way of life. This is viewed through the literature in those times as well. Puritan texts has great influence on faith in God and using scripture as proof of how to fulfill your day to day life, such as Winthrop work. In turn Franklin describes a way of living where you give yourself self guide to happiness through order.

Puritan-vs-Diest thinking free essay sample

Models of Living Puritan religion and eighteenth century Deist thinking are two different movements. The ideas expressed in each of these movements follow the same guidelines but with different principles when describing how one should act through their daily lives. Whether it be through following the expectations of God or through self Improvement, Puritan and Deist thinking go through different ways to live by to be the best person one should be.The Puritan way of life was a religious way of hinging that was driven by one underlining thought, God rules all. To be more specific Puritans expressed God as a way of life where scriptures alone reveal the divine origin. This origin is that God was the creator of the earth and decides all the good; everyone should strive to live their lives through faith as described In scripture. With this notion and way of life one would have a contract with God, living every day to show their faith to Him. Everything that happens is done because God wanted it as if He were testing the faith of the individual.As authors began to produce more rating on Puritan talking they were written as poems, sermons, and narratives. Authors such as John Winthrop, Anne Broadsheet, and Michael Highlighters were all Puritans who had different methods expressing the word of God, faith, and the religious aspect of the Puritan model of living. John Winthrop, a lawyer by trade, used the Puritan way of teaching as a objective approach to live by In A Model of Christian charity. Winthrop poses questions In certain situations that have dealt with every day issues.Each question is followed by a solution where at times a rebuttal is even given to questions that may have different outcomes. In this way Winthrop explains his model as questioning and answering ways of life and merely quoting scripture as his proof to explain reasoning. One life model that he lists is to Do good to all, especially to the household of faith (Winthrop 168) and proves this statement with more scripture, If thin Enemy hungry, feed him, Love your enemies , do good to them that you, Matthew:5. 44 (Winthrop 168).At the end of Winthrop back and forth of life decisions he states, Therefore let us choose life, that we and our seed may live by obeying his voice (Winthrop 177), which summarizes that in daily life one shall allow the expectations that God has set as a way of life. Broadsheet then expresses how faith should be taken, even when God Inflicts pain, In her three elegies to her grandchildren. In these poems she uses her faith as a way to attempt to avoid sorrow for their deaths, Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate. (Broadsheet 230, 14).Through each elegy that Broadsheet writes her pain and grief grows stronger while each poem gets shorter. Although the pain increases, Broadsheet brought herself back to faith by stating, He will return and make up for all our losses, And smile again after our bitter crosses. (Broadsheet 231 , 9-10). Broadsheet goes through a 1 OFF Broadsheet uses the Puritan way of thinking and embraces faith towards God to keep going through life. Lastly Weightlessnesss Day of Doom, depicts the fate that could be shown by the hand of God if you did not exercise Pursuits seriously in day to day life.The use of fear was the main strategy to preach the religion, They cry, they roar for anguish sore Depart to hell, there may you yell and roar eternally. (Highlighters 253, 1635-1640) Eighteen-century Deist thinking was a movement that did not follow the previous religious movement of Pursuits. This religious movement believed in the existence of God, but did not follow his teachings laid out by scripture. Instead it was the belief that God left the world in the hands of man to control the outcomes.The Laws of Nature, physics, science, and other types of analysis methods were ideas that help back Deist thinking. The enlightenment period of deism had the promise of solving personal, intellectual, social, political, and spiritual problems (Vine 83). Puritans greatly disliked this method of life because it directly inverted their own beliefs that unlocking the rules of the world was in Gods own hands, not by ours. Writers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson contributed to this new upcoming way of thinking. Benjamin Franklin in The Autobiography put together a new model of life in which to follow.The idea behind this came from looking critically to his ancestors, developing ideas with an ordering system and then testing his theory to reach a conclusion. In his model he sets forth a model of living to live with the greatest possible potential through self improvement; It was about this time that I conceive the bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection (Franklin 534). The self improvement that Franklin suggests is a daily routine that uses critical thinking and analysis to determine how well ones life is.One should strive to hold values of virtue to thirteen different elements which includes things such as silence, order, and humility. All these types of virtues must be improved day by day in order to improve ones life. Jefferson then contributes his effort in the Deist movement with The Declaration of Independence. With the laws of nature and of natures God entitled them Requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. (663) Here Jefferson uses this document to describe the existence of God but to further describe that God gave the earth to mankind.With the earths outcomes in the hands of man they are entitled to change the effects they have on it. Jefferson does this by saying By their creator with inherent and inalienable rights. .. To secure these rights governments are instituted among men (663). Jefferson is proven a Deist thinker because he uses this statement to explain that the establishment of a government is the right of man given by God. Puritan thinking and the eighteenth-century Deist thinking conflicted in many ways.Although both acknowledged the existence of God, it was only through the Puritan model of living that used the teachings of God to explain that what happens is through His actions. On the other hand Deist thinking believes that Go left the earth to mankind and it is by the actions of man they can pursue their own way of life. This is viewed through the literature in those times as well. Puritan texts has great influence on faith in God and using scripture as proof of how to fulfill your day to day life, such as Winthrop work. In turn Franklin describes a way of living where you give yourself self guide to happiness through order.

Women in Rap Music free essay sample

To what extent does your chosen subject either perpetuates oppressive gender attitudes/myths, or allows participants involved in it to transcend the limitations imposed by gender/gender myths? Gender Degradation of Rap and Hip-Hop Music Dating back to the eras of the Battles and the Relentlessness, music has always had an affect on the ways that people act, dress, and live their lives. With the arrival of rap and hip-hop music in the mid sasss, new lyrics and cultural values began to spread throughout the radio frequencies of every household and car in society.Rap revived a new form of music a music based upon fast and catchy rhythms that could launch an audience off of their seats, forcing them to dance in the isles of a concert or down the halls of their own home. Yet, with this form of entertainment gaining popularity so quickly, its affects gradually began to take a toll on the ways that individuals lived and perceived life. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Rap Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With lyrics promoting anger, violence, and substance abuse, society began to absorb what is sometimes called the gangster lifestyle. Through lyrics, music videos, and radio airtime, rap and hip-hop music has en able to positively expose the realities of the urban lifestyle, while promoting the degradation of women In a male dominated Industry; where female artists are scarce and are nearly forced to appeal lyrically and physically to males. With the arrival of the music video, rap and hip-hop artists were given the opportunity to express their lyrics in a visual form. Instead of directly relating the videos to some of the lyrics, rap artists decided to film videos that degraded the social and physical status of females in society.In various music videos, it is common or a female to be dressed in merely a bra and panties, dancing around a male for his own entertainment. This nearly nude image, which seems to depict a sense of power among males over females, is highly evident in the m usic video for the song The Thong Song by popular hip-hop artist Solos, formerly of the quartet Drug Hill. In this video, Solos sings about the thongs of women and how they shake it around for men. Not only are the lyrics to this song primarily about the body parts of females, but the video focuses on women of all different races dancing on the beach.Its not he fact that these women are dancing for fun, but it is the fact that these women are merely wearing a bathing suit top and a thong bottom piece. With their butt cracks revealed, the females in this video dance around Siss and other artists in this video. Siss is seen walking down the beach in one scene, Just viewing a line of females with their rears facing his face. Siss seems to have total power over these women, as he does back flips and dances along the sandy beach while grabbing and fondling any females that he chooses.In another particular scene, hip-hop artist Notion is seen toting in a hot tub with four other females; with all four females rubbing and touching the body of the sole male in the hot tub. These Images in the video alone show that women are merely seen as objects of sexual pleasure in rap and hip-hop music videos. The women nearly seem to look Like the slaves of the males, as they provide back rubs and belly dances for the spectators people call men. Not only are females depicted as sexual objects in music videos, but male rappers of their lyrics.In an article focused on the lyrical content of rap music, Victoria A. Brownout of Curve magazine claims that eighty percent of rap music is being performed by African-American males, yet the same percentage of the lyrical content is primarily discriminating against both females and homosexuals. This statistic researched by Brownout shows that even though hip-hop and rap music may have high entertainment value in the market, its true lyrical content is degrading to females, homosexuals, and even the buyer of the album.Furthermore, violence against females is evident within the lyrics of the song Stan by rap artist Mine. Amines lyrics state Shut up pitch! Im trying to talk! Hey Slim, thats my girlfriend screaming in the trunk but I didnt slit her throat, I Just tied her up, see I anti like you cause if she suffocates shell suffer more, and then shell die too. Well, goat go, Im almost at the bridge now Oh sit, I forgot, home I supposed to send this sit out? Amines lyrics depict a disturbing form of violence to society.In the lyrics, the reader can see that the male in the song has tied his girlfriend up, put her in the trunk, and is going to drive the car off of the bridge so that she drowns and suffocates inside the truck (Mine). These disturbing lyrics are a prime example of how females are beat and thrown around in many other rap lyrics promoting violence towards females in Americas society. Females are seen more as the objects of males, rather than individuals that have emotional and physical feelings of their own. These depictions harm the entire character of females and show the distinct weak nesses of abuse among many males in todays society.Along with the promotion of female abuse in the rap lyrics of many artists, one must realize that in a field that is primarily dominated by the men, few women seem o slip through the cracks and enter the rap and hip-hop music industry. In this industry very few females are taken seriously, which is obvious as Marl L. Shelton lists the few successful female rap artists in her article in Popular Music and Society. In her article, Shelton can only list the core of the artists that include TTL, Salt N EPA, Queen Latish, and MAC Late.Along with those four artists/groups, today there are merely three other famous rap artists, including: Missy Elliott, Ill Kim, and Eve. In an industry that is filled with sexist lyrics towards women, it is evident that these male artists wont be taken seriously lyrically. With very few females involved in the industry and males entering it nearly everyday, females remain a heavy minority among the hip-hop industry. Since the lyrics that the males rap about seem to express masculinity among these artists, rap music has taken upon the stereotype of being more masculine. Therefore when women enter the industry, it seems to be unacceptable for them to lyrically express feminine views. Feminine views are rarely seen among the lyrics of males, answering the question that females dont belong in he rap industry because it is the masculine territory of men. Furthermore, with females gradually beginning to work their way into the rap industry, they are forced to repress their true feminine views and produce lyrical content that appeals to males and contains more masculine aspects. Marl L.Shelton makes this evident in her article as she speaks on how women conform to masculine standards and base their lyrics on the idea of gangster rap. Shelton describes the scenes of various female music videos that tend to be based in an urban, crime- ale artist rather than that of a female artist. Along with conforming lyrically and visually to masculine settings, female artists have transformed from being more masculine and fully clothed to the feminine approach of less clothing that targets a male audience. Instead of standing for what they truly believe in, todays female artists direct their image and their lyrics on what will sell rather than what they personally value as an artist. Women rappers are often seen in music videos dressed wearing nothing but underwear, while rapping lyrics directed towards males. In the Eng How Many Licks by Ill Kim, the chorus talks about how many licks it is going to take the male to get to her the center of her body. The song also is filled with moans and sexual content that appeals to the sexual pleasures of males rather than to the artists own feminine satisfaction.Ill Kim focuses her song about various men that she has had sexual experiences with, degrading herself to the public, risking her image in an attempt to sell records rather than to promote the power of females. Even though women tend to be a source of degradation in hip-hop and rap music, his genre positively exposes the realities of the urban lifestyle. Rap music effectively shows the con ditions of the hood and helps to open the eyes of the listeners that life for everyone isnt easy and worry-free. In the song Changes by Outpace Shaker, the rapper illustrates an image of the common inner-city urban street.In his lyrics, Shaker describes a scene where white and blacks are enemies, and crack sellers are around every corner. Yet, even though these lyrics talk about the violence in the streets, it talks about needing to make a change within the society. Shaker raps We deed to make changes, Learn to see me as a brother instead of two distant strangers. And tats how its supposed to be. How can the devil take a brother if hes close to me, uh, I love to go back to when we played as kids, but things change, and thats the way it is. In the previous lyrics Outpace is encouraging peace within the community. He is encouraging whites and blacks to see each other more as individuals rather than two different enemies, but in the end he says that is Just the way the life is (filled with hatred). The ability that the rap and hip-hop genre has to expose how life really is in he ghetto not only can promote change, but it helps to show people of all socioeconomic backgrounds that life everywhere isnt truly kosher.Many of the rap lyrics composed by various artists focus on the neighborhoods that they live in, not generally depicting masculine views, but talking about how harsh urban life really is. As rap music continues to remain a top the music mainstream, new rappers continue to emerge daily from both the suburbs and the inner-city. With different tales to tell, rappers continue to conform to the ghetto image of the urban society. Yet, lyrically, rap music continues to express similar lyrics of female degradation and violence.And as the years pass, it is likely that more female artists will l and inside the rap and hip-hop music industry. Where violence is constantly being depicted, very few songs tend to express the true realities of urban life, limiting the views of people to only those of degradation towards women. And as long as the rap industry continues to remain popular among consumers, the lyrical content within the songs will never change; helping violence, hatred, and sexism survive in a society that is striving for change.

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Puma is a major German transnational company that produces high-end athletic places, lifestyle footwear and other athletic wear. Formed in 1924 by Rudolf Dassler, the company is based in Herzogenaurach, Germany. The company is known for its football places and has sponsored the football players, including, Johan Cruijff, Enzo Francescoli, Diego Maradona, Lothar Matthaus, Kenny. Puma is besides the patron of the Jamaica path jock Usain Bolt who won three gold decorations by interrupting the work forces s 100m, 200m and 4x100m universe records in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the United States, the company is likely best-known for the hoops shoe it introduced in 1968, which has the name of New York Knicks hoops star Walt Clyde Frazier, and for its partnership with Joe Namath. The company besides offers lines places and athleticss vesture, designed by Lamine Kouyate, Amy Garbers, and others. Since 1996 Puma has intensified its activities in the United States. Puma owns 25 % of American trade name athleticss vesture shaper Logo Athletic, which is licensed by American professional hoops and association football. Since 2007 Puma AG has been portion of the Gallic luxury group PPR. The quality of employees and their development through preparation and instruction are major factors in finding long-run profitableness of a little concern. If you hire and maintain good employees, it is good policy to put in the development of their accomplishments, so they can increase their productiveness. Training frequently is considered for new employees merely. This is a error because ongoing preparation for current employees helps them adjust to altering occupation demands. Purpose of Training and Development Reasons for the growing and development of forces include Making a pool of readily available and equal replacings for forces who may go forth or travel up in the organisation. Enhancing the company s ability to follow and utilize progresss in engineering because of a sufficiently knowing staff. Constructing a more efficient, effectual and extremely motivated squad, which enhances the company s competitory place and improves employee morale. Guaranting equal human resources for enlargement into new plans. Research has shown specific benefits that a little concern receives from preparation and developing its workers, including: Increased productiveness. Reduced employee turnover. Increased efficiency ensuing in fiscal additions. Decreased demand for supervising. Employees often develop a greater sense of dignity, self-respect and wellbeing as they become more valuable to the house and to society. Generally they will have a greater portion of the stuff additions that result from their increased productiveness. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the accomplishment of personal and company ends. The Training Procedure Choice of Trainees For a little concern, this inquiry is important. Training an employee is expensive, particularly when he or she leaves your house for a better occupation. Therefore, it is of import to carefully choose who will be trained. Training plans should be designed to see the ability of the employee to larn the stuff and to utilize it efficaciously, and to do the most efficient usage of resources possible. It is besides of import that employees be motivated by the preparation experience. Employee failure in the plan is non merely damaging to the employee but a waste of money as good. Choosing the right trainees is of import to the success of the plan. Training Goals The ends of the preparation plan should associate straight to the demands determined by the appraisal procedure outlined above. Course aims should clearly province what behavior or skill will be changed as a consequence of the preparation and should associate to the mission and strategic program of the company. Goals should include mileposts to assist take the employee from where he or she is today to where the house wants him or her in the hereafter. Puting ends helps to measure the preparation plan and besides to actuate employees. Leting employees to take part in puting ends increases the chance of success. Training Methods There are two wide types of preparation available to little concerns: on-the-job and off-the-job techniques. Individual fortunes and the who, what and why of your preparation plan determine which method to utilize. On-the-job preparation is delivered to employees while they perform their regular occupations. In this manner, they do non lose clip while they are larning. After a program is developed for what should be taught, employees should be informed of the inside informations. A timetable should be established with periodic ratings to inform employees about their advancement. On-the-job techniques include orientations, occupation direction preparation, apprenticeships, internships and assistantships, occupation rotary motion and coaching. Off-the-job techniques include talks, particular survey, movies, telecasting conferences or treatments, instance surveies, function playing, simulation, programmed direction and research lab preparation. Most of these techniques can be used by little concerns although, some may be excessively dearly-won. Recession off the occupation technique used by the cougar such as talks, particular survey and more more installations are besides provided to their employees with the up to day of the month techniques and as per the recession had the bad consequence on the economic system and the company besides took up the disciplinary steps to acquire rid through this difficult clip. and as per the company was passing long procedure of preparation and to cut the cost it has lesser the clip of the preparation procedure. cougar reported 2nd one-fourth grosss of a‚Â ¬2.91 billion, a 19 % addition from the a‚Â ¬2.45 billion in 2009. Net income, on the other manus, soared 1300 % to a‚Â ¬126 million from a‚Â ¬9 million the twelvemonth earlier. The company attributed this success chiefly to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. At present the company has workforce around 103000-105000 work force and the company turnover rate is around 2 % -5 % which is really less by planetary criterions. Puma have dedicated Centres for developing their entry degree. Reebok significantly outsources the same. Besides developing is more vocational where in focal point is on learning persons tools instead than basicss ( nevertheless their WASE plan for BSc folks is an exclusion ) . I know it will be strongly objected to by Reebok folks but I suggest they do a speedy canvass. REEBOK OVERVIEW Reebok International feels comfy stepping out onto any surface. The company has long been at place in featuring spheres as a top US shaper of athletic places, behindA NIKE. In add-on to its namesake athletic wear and accoutrements, Reebok athleticss Rockport and Reebok places and caters to hockey aficionados through itsA RebookA unit. It operates more than 220 retail shops. Reebok, which has been credited as lighting the aerobic exercise fad, patrons athleticss stars and has taken paces to hike its manner quotient. Its Your Move ad run aims to spur clients to do Reebok portion of their personal fittingness goals.A adidasA has owned Reebok since 2006. TheA Reebok StadiumA is the homeA stadiumA ofA English Premier LeagueA football clubA Bolton Wanderers, and is located on theA Middlebrook Retail ParkA inA Horwich, in theA Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, A Greater Manchester.It is normally known as TheA Reebok . It has four bases: TheA Bolton Evening NewsA Stand at one terminal, the So uth Stand at the other terminal, the West Stand at one side of the pitch and the Nat Lofthouse Stand at the other side. The bowl has a hotel built into it giving arresting positions of the pitch from some of the suites. Training methods Off-The Job Training: Reebok has used the off the occupation preparation. School or Institutions is established to supply preparation to all types of individuals. A plan of preparation is designed to accommodate the demand of the occupation which the trainee occupies. Some different classs are arranged for detached group employees. There are several methods of Off-The Job Training aˆ?Role Playing aˆ?Lecture Method aˆ?Conference Method+ aˆ?Vestibule Consequence of recession It was stated that more than 950,000 staff found that the downswing had adversely affected the acquisition and development scheme of 59 % of the organisations surveyed. Two-thirdss of these responded by cut downing their preparation spend, with 63 % holding to cut back on acquisition and development, 30 % cut downing in-house preparation, and 24 % seeing preparation end product reduced. However, 65 % of organisations have stepped up their attempts to develop employee accomplishments and competences in the face of the downswing, frequently with decreased resources. Ninety-five per cent said alining employee accomplishments with concern ends was a major concern when planning acquisition and development activities. Other major influences included bettering competency and proficient accomplishments ( 83 % ) ; upgrading line directors people direction accomplishments ( 82 % ) ; and set uping effectual leading ( 78 % ) ( see chart, right ) . About three-fifths ( 59 % ) have had to reevaluate their preparation methods in a command to minimise costs, while 20 % have embarked on an employee retraining exercising to help redisposition in their organisation. The average preparation spend per employee was found to be ?334. In footings of the types of preparation activities used, the most common method for executives and managers was the usage of external, one-off conferences and seminars ( 81 % ) , followed by training and mentoring by external practicians ( 60 % ) , and aid from co-workers ( 56 % ) . But in footings of effectivity, coaching was the clear victor, cited by 45 % of respondents. It is besides going an progressively popular development method for directors, used by 65 % . For non-managerial staff, OFF-the-job preparation was the most popular method ( 94 % ) , followed by informal aid from co-workers ( 94 % ) , and in-house classroom-style preparation ( 92 % ) . Predictions for the following outgo reappraisal were glooming, with 32 % anticipating developing spend to fall ( compared with 16 % in 2007 ) , and 18 % expecting a rise ( compared with 39 % in 2007 ) . Forty-three per cent believed their preparation budget would stay the same. Analysis of cougar and Reebok Both the companies making good as the preparation and development procedure for their employees and immense sum of their budget was allocated to their preparation and development. But the Reebok was more good in supplying all the above preparation and so, we come to the decision that Reebok more good than cougars but during the recession there is more consequence on the Reebok so harmonizing to the budget the Reebok is good than the cougar and the quality of the Reebok is much batter than the cougar.. cougar has come through the recession as more faster than Reebok and the techniques which are applied were more effectual than Reebok but as Reebok has besides been awarded as the best employer but the abrasion discount of cougar was really less as comparison to the desired criterions and besides the preparation techniques of Reebok were non so successful than cougar and from the information it is clear that Reebok has done good occupation in acquiring trough the difficult clip without taking to unemployment. Suggestion Harmonizing to me the cougar is traveling good but if we see the harmonizing to the recession the cougar is traveling good but after the recession the Reebok is much better than the cougar as per we see the budget and all the Reebok is good on the another side the both companies use the off the occupation preparation which is really good for their employees because of the off the occupation developing Reebok perform good than the cougar.

The role of Mobile in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The role of Mobile in Education - Research Paper Example It is evident from the study that mobile devices and technologies are inescapable and ubiquitous in many modern societies, and are progressively altering the nature of information and discourse in these cultures, at the same time becoming themselves the merchandises of numerous social, trade, and industry forces. This, sequentially, modifies both the nature of knowledge (official and casual) and changes in the habits that knowledge can be carried through. Learning that used to be distributed 'just-in-case,' can at the present be transported 'just-in-time,' 'just sufficient,' and 'just-for-me.' Finding statistics relatively and not retaining them turns out to be the defining characteristic of knowledge in general and of mobile learning in particular; and this possibly will take knowledge back into the community. Mobile technologies also change the natural surroundings of work (the powerful force overdue much learning and most training), particularly of knowledge effort. Mobile technol ogies adjust the equilibrium between training and presentation sustenance, particularly for many knowledge staffs. Meaning that 'mobile' is not simply a fresh adjective succeeding the eternal thought of 'learning'– 'mobile learning' is evolving as an exclusively firsthand and different notion combined with the 'mobile workforce' and the 'connected society.' Mobile devices generate not only new formulae of knowledge and innovative methods of retrieving it, but correspondingly fashion new formulas of art and performance, and innovative means of gaining access to them. (for instance 'pop' videos designed and traded for iPods). Mobile devices are generating new systems of buying/selling and economic activities also. Different tutors and disciplines will have different

How can I write the essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How can I write the - Essay Example Read all the materials at hand and reread them to have a good grasp of topic, analyzing the information along the process. Once one is sure that the subject is clearly understood and that enough pertinent information have been gathered, take time to meditate on the readings. Ask questions about the subject and try to find answers, writing the questions and answers down for easy access when the writing process is ongoing. Afterwards, state the thesis you would like to present in the essay and make an outline on how this is to be elaborated. The writer may make a numbered outline or a diagram that he could follow in sequencing his ideas to form a clear presentation of the essay, whatever suits him. What is important in making the outline or diagram is that a topic should be chosen with subtopics below each. Working on the outline could also take much time and effort however this will be much appreciated in making the essay because it keeps the writer on tract, focusing on the topics and subtopics without straying to what has already been discussed or jumping to what will be discussed on a later part. After the outline is made, you can now start writing the essay beginning with the introduction. The fist sentence should be eye-catching, able to get the attention of the reader. This is a very important part of the essay because it is here that the writer makes a first impression that would either hold the reader’s attention to the last sentence or have him drop the paper on the second sentence. One could start with a question, a quotation or a statement to introduce the essay, followed by at least four sentences to complete the first paragraph. The last sentence should be a statement that would link the introduction to the next paragraph, making a transition of ideas run smoothly. The second paragraph will start the body

International Business Strategy IBS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Strategy IBS - Essay Example It is proved that using the first mover advantage a firm can increase its competitiveness but the full success of this practice cannot be guaranteed, even for firms that are already established in their market. 2. International Business Strategy 2.1 The concept of first mover advantage - overview In the context of international business the first mover advantage theory can be related to the work of Markusen (2002). According to the above theorist, trade relationships are likely to be influenced by geography, meaning that businesses that are interested in entering the global market tend to prefer the markets of neighbouring countries, probably because risks and costs involved are expected to be lower (Sitkin and Bowen 2013). For FDI also a similar practice is used. Under these terms, the development of international business is based on two, critical, factors: a) learning effects; this term is used for showing the transfer of knowledge between ‘the research and development secto r of each business and its other sectors/ departments’ (Sitkin and Bowen 2013, p.38); this strategy of knowledge transfer decreases risks since no external intervention on knowledge used for building business strategy can occur; b) the first mover advantage; the specific concept reflects the following idea: ‘the first firm to enter a new market and leverage its existing experiences is in a good position to shut out future rivals’ (Sitkin and Bowen 2013, p.38). According to the above, the first mover advantage involves in ‘introducing in the market a new product or service’ (Cullen and Parboteeah 2013, p.273). However, the benefits of the above concept are related to the following term: that the product/ service employed ‘is not only innovative but also comprehensive’ (Cullen and Parboteeah 2013, p.273). The term comprehensive is used for showing a product/ service that ‘meets the customers’ expectations’ (Cullen and P arboteeah 2013, p.273); only such product/ service would be able to result to profits. The concept of first mover advantage, as described above can be effectively used for developing a business strategy in regard not only to the international market but also to the local market (McDonald and Burton 2002). The terms of such use of the specific concept are described analytically in the next section. 2.2 The use of the concept of first mover advantage in formulating a business strategy In regard to the use of the concept of first mover advantage in practice the following fact should be highlighted: the specific concept can be incorporated in different business strategies, meaning that it can be used as the basis for developing business strategies of various formats, depending on the needs of each organization, the resources available and the conditions in the business environment (Cullen and Parboteeah 2013). Figure 1 – Franchising based on the first mover advantage – the oretical model (source: Michael 2013, p.62) The study of Michael (2003) refers to the use of the first mover advantage as part of a franchising strategy. The involvement of the specific concept in a franchising strategy should be based on certain rules; the relevant framework is presented

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in House Construction

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in House Construction Background and Justification of project Buildings are climate modifiers which provide indoor environments. These are essential to the well being and the social and economic developments of mankind. However, they are also intensive resources consumers and hence, they require enormous amount of materials and energy in their construction and maintenance. During the construction period and while they are demolished at the end of their life, buildings generate huge amount of solid wastes and various types of emissions, such as particulates, noise and various kinds of liquid effluents. According to Hall (2003 ) and Anink (1996) the building industry accounts for around one-tenth of the world’s GDP, at least 7% of its jobs, half of all resources used and up to 40% of energy used and green house gas emission. Hill and Bowen (1997) discussed how the applications of modern technology, together with the increasing population, are leading to the rapid depletion of the earth’s physical resources. Hall (2003) also estimated that by 2025, the world population would reach 8 billion and 98% of the increase in the population would be in developing countries. With time, the construction industry is expanding and the rate of resource depletion is not sustainable. As it can be imagined, construction materials and products are essential to life – with respect to both buildings and infrastructure. Humans spend around 80% of their time (on average) in some type of building or on roads. Construction products play a major role in improving the energy efficiency of buildings and also contribute to economic prosperity (Edwards, 2003). On the other hand, construction products also produce a considerable impact on the environment. The Worldwatch Institute estimates that 40% of the world’s materials and energy is used in buildings. However, according to Anink (1996), the construction sector is responsible for 50% of the material resources taken from nature and 50% of total waste generated. Also, Rodman and Lenssen (1993) pointed that buildings account for one-sixth of the world’s freshwater withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows. The impact of construction products relative to t he overall lifetime impact of a building is currently 10-20%. For infrastructure this value is significantly higher, greater than 80% in some cases. In Mauritius, nearly all the main resources in a building are imported, e.g. steel and cement. An average of 600 000 tonnes of cement are imported annually in Mauritius. As our country is currently going through a boom in the construction sector, the figures are expected to increase. The price of crude oil has more than  doubled on the world market during the past years. This has had a direct impact on nearly all the construction materials which are imported and produced locally. While choosing for construction materials, many do not think about the impacts that the material have on the environment. The environmental impacts of building materials are increasing day by day. Therefore, environmental impacts have become an increasingly important consideration in selecting building materials for the construction. Consequently, life cycle assessment has become an important tool in analysing natural resources and emissions generated in manufacturing processes. Winistorfer and Zhangjing (2004) said that life cycle assessment refers to the analysis of the environmental impact of a product through every step of its life. It includes environment impacts while the product is manufactured, used and disposed. The objective of a life cycle analysis is to quantify environmental influences of a product through input and output analysis. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project was to calculate all the resource energy and associated greenhouse gas emissions linked to construction of a typical residential house in Mauritius. Simapro Life Cycle Analysis software was used to calculate all the resource energy and greenhouse gas emission from the building. The objectives were to: quantify all the resources required for the construction of the typical residential house estimate the weight of the building minimise the use of resources in building thereby reducing the greenhouse gas emission and ensuring a cleaner production. To satisfy the aim and objectives of the project, a virtual house was selected to carry out the analysis. The house used was obtained from the central statistics office. It represents the most common type of building in Mauritius. The size of the house is 128m2. All the quantities of materials used for the construction of the building were calculated. Using Simapro life cycle assessment software, the energy requirement and CO2 emission of each material was obtained. Also, the weight of the house was calculated using the unit weight of reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Structure of Report A literature search was done and the findings were included in chapter 2. The latter describes how the building consumes all the different resources, energy requirements and the environmental impacts of building. Also, the benefits of sustainable building and of recycling waste, in order to recover the energy, were discussed. A detailed methodology, which was adopted to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, was described in chapter 3. The key results and discussions were presented in chapter 4. Finally, conclusions, recommendations and further works were dealt with in chapter 5. Literature Review Building: direct consumption of resources There is growing concern that human activity is affecting the global and local ecosystem severely enough to potentially cause permanent changes to some ecosystems  and potentially cause them to crash. Boyle (2005) suggested that there must be a reduction factor of 20 to 50 in resource consumption and efficiency in order to achieve technologies which are sustainable. Sustainable technologies will be particularly significant to the construction industry which is a major consumer of resources. The pie chart below gives a repartition of all the primary materials resources used in the construction industry in 1998. Figure 2.1 Repartition of primary resources in the construction industry (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Review, 2006) Despite the fact that every house makes use of different quantity of resources, according to US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network, a standard wood-frame house uses 4047 m2 (one acre) of forest and produces 3-7 tonne of waste during construction. Lippiatt (1999) stated that building consumes 40% of the gravel, sand and stone, 25% of the timber, 40% of the energy and 16% of the water used globally per year. Boyle (2005) estimated that in UK itself, about 6 tonnes of building materials were used annually for every member of the population. Much of the waste and consumption of resources occurred during the extraction and processing of the raw materials. For example, mining requires water and energy, consumes land and produces significant quantities of acidic contaminated gas, liquid and solid wastes (Boyle, 2005). A second example which can be used is that of timber. The cultivation of trees requires significant space for cultivation and amount of fertilizers. Moreover, the harvesting and processing phases of timber make use of considerable amounts of energy. Trees are also grown in plantations which require old-growth forest and significantly reduce biodiversity. Energy is also used extensively in the transportation of raw materials. Fossils fuels are used for the transportation, extraction and harvesting of the material, thereby releasing greenhouse gases and a range of air pollutants. Processing of metals and mineral often results in major gas emissions. The concrete industry is a major producer of carbon dioxide whereas on the other hand, aluminium smelting produces perfluorocarbons (Boyle, 2005). These two are very powerful greenhouse gases. According to the Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review (2006), emissions to the air by the construction industry in 1998 were just over 30 million tonnes in total, of which over 97% was carbon dioxide. Of the 30 million tonnes of emissions, over 70% came from mineral extraction and product manufacture. The table below shows the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK. Table 2.1 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review, 2006) Emission generated by: Tonnage (Kt ) Mineral extraction, product and material manufacture 19,817 Transport of product and material 2,543 Transport of secondary and recycled product 675 Construction and demolition site activity 3,764 Transport related to construction and demolition site activity 1,291 Transport of waste from product and material manufacture 20 Transport of construction and demolition waste 219 Total CO2 equivalent emissions to the atmosphere 28,327 As it can be seen, from Table 2.1, a total of 28 327 Ktonnes of CO2equivalent emissions were generated by the construction industry in UK and much of these emissions occurred during the mineral extraction and product and material manufacture. Over the lifespan of a building, the material will have to be maintained and stored in good condition whereas, in some cases, replaced. Every five to fifteen years, exterior coatings, guttering, piping, walls, and flooring will require repair or replacement. By effective maintenance, requirements for replacement are reduced by a significant amount. The decisions here are not taken by the builder or designer regardless of the original design. Concerning  the material used for the repair and the maintenance of the building, it is the owner who takes the decision. During the lifespan of a building, the overall investment of resources into the building needs to be considered (Boyle, 2005).  Buildings can be constructed and designed in such a way that they can last for more than hundred years. Additionally, many traditional buildings are designed in such a way that they can last beyond 200 years (Morel, 2001). However, many designers are now planning buildings for a lifespan of only 50 years or even less despite using durable materials requiring minimal maintenance. Such materials reduce the requirement for repairs or replacement. Hence, simply designing and maintaining a building for 400 years  rather than 50 can potentially reduce its environmental effect from material resources by up to a factor of 4 (Boyle, 2005). Energy requirements of a building Cole and Carnan (1996) found that the energy that is consumed during the life cycle of a residential building includes energy used in producing building materials and constructing the structure. Also, energy is used in occupying and maintaining the building, and in demolishing or deconstructing the structure at the end of its serviceable life. According to Cole and Carnan (1996), the energy consumed in building can be classified in three categories: energy to initially produce the building; energy to operate the building, and; energy to demolish and dispose of the building at the end of its effective life. During the extraction, processing and transportation of material as well as during the construction as mentioned earlier large amount of energy is consumed. Morel et al. (2001) found that costs could be reduced by more than a factor of 6 during construction by the use of energy of local materials. The local materials studied by Morel et al. (2001) included rammed earth, stone, timber which were compared to the use of imported concrete. Consequently, Morel et al found that the imported concrete required significant energy for processing. Treloar et al. (2001) found that, by using a concrete binder, rammed earth had an energy load equivalent to that of a brick veneer construction due to the energy  required in processing the cement. Boyle (2005) stated that energy is the major resource consumed in buildings and 90% of the energy consumption is over the operational lifespan of the building. Therefore, significant decrease in energy consumption assists in reducing the resource consumption and improving efficiency. Although a house can be designed to a totally self-sufficient condition for energy and water, much depends on the location, that is, the climate, the availability and potability of  local water sources as well as the attitude of the user. The designer or builder can incorporate some energy saving devices and design such a water heater, passive heating, and composting toilets, which are suitable for local conditions. Furthermore, such devices and designs will only be incorporated if a significant profit can be generated. Many developers resist including energy- saving measures unless they are required by local councils or are considered essentially by buyers in the local community. Cole and Kernan (1996 ) found that the energy used to heat, cool, provide artificial lighting, and power typically used appliances in buildings accounts for more than 30% of Canada’s national energy use. Approximately two-thirds of this consumption is attributed to residential buildings and the remainder to commercial buildings. The US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network estimated that, the annual average energy consumption for one story concrete building, the annual average energy consumption is 63GJ. However, Zydeveld (1998) pointed out that up to 80% savings in heating water and improving the indoor air quality and thermal comfort could be made in the Netherlands with the inclusion of passive solar design with an additional 10% cost in construction. Therefore, savings of 90% could be achieved. Four major design principles enabled architects and builders to incorporate passive solar design  into their buildings: solar  orientation; maximizing the solar gain through low surface loss and high internal volume; high mass within the insulation and avoiding of shading. The rise in use of material in the low energy building can, however, mean that there is an increased consumption of material and energy overall. Thormark (2002) discovered that up to 45% of the total energy used is in the embodied energy in a low-energy building and that such a building could have a greater total energy use than that of a building with a higher operating energy consumption. Besides, he also said that 37-42% of the embodied  energy could be recovered  by recycling of materials. Embodied Energy According to an unknown author (2007), Embodied Energy is the amount of energy that has gone into the making of a material or things made with materials. A very high percentage of the world’s energy is derived from fossil fuels which, when burnt, release vast amounts of CO2. As the production of energy from fossil fuels is environmentally unfriendly, materials and things that have a lower embodied energy are more sustainable than those with a higher embodied energy. On average, 0.098 tonnes of CO2 are produced per gigajoule of embodied energy (Sustainable built environment 2007). Source: Sustainable Technologies (1996) Figure 2.2: Embodied Energy of the different building materials The embodied energy per unit mass of materials used in a building varies enormously from about two gigajoules per tonne for concrete, to hundreds of gigajoules per tonne for aluminium.(Figure 2.2). The reuse of materials commonly saves about 95% of embodied energy which could otherwise be wasted (Sustainable Built Environment 2007). According to Fichtner Report (1999), in Mauritius, steel is the only waste material generated from the construction industry which is recycled, implying that most of the embodied energy of the materials is wasted. Resource Efficiency in a building According to the report â€Å"Construction Resource Efficiency Review† (2006), resource efficiency is about the sustainable use of resources. Indeed, there should be effective use and management of all the resources available to the industry while at the same time optimising output and profit. There is much emphasis on the use of all the physical resources (water, energy, etc) and materials used in the production and operation cycle. As minimum resource is used in the manufacture of the product, profits can be made by increasing productivity. Resource efficiency can also be achieved by reducing the wastes. As far as the construction industry is concerned, there is a need to focus on sustainable consumption of resources. Buildings can be built with fewer resources while looking at the same time at the impacts of the building on the environment. Sustainable Buildings Buildings have a tremendous impact on our environmental quality, resource use, human health and productivity. According to Nicholas S. (2003), sustainable building meets current building needs and reduces impacts on future generations by integrating building materials and methods that promote environmental quality, economic vitality, and social benefit through the design, construction and operation of our built environment. Sustainable building, also referred as green building, involves the consideration of many issues, including land use, site impacts, indoor environment, energy and water use, lifecycle impacts of building materials, and solid waste. Benefits of Sustainable Building There are a number of environmental, social, and economic benefits which we can enjoy from a sustainable building. Miriam L. (1999) gives some benefits of sustainable building to the environment, which are as follows: air and water quality protection soil protection and flood prevention solid waste reduction energy and water conservation climate stabilization ozone layer protection natural resource conservation open space, habitat, and species/biodiversity protection Also, sustainable building can have other benefits for designers, contractors, occupants, construction workers, developers, and owners. These benefits include: Improved health, comfort, and productivity/performance As mentioned earlier, people spend 80 % of their life in some buildings. It is reported that 30 % of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may be linked to symptoms of sick building syndrome (WHO 1984). Particular Symptoms are:- Headache Eye, nose or throat irritation Dry cough Dizziness Fatigue Sensitivity to odors Sick building syndrome (SBS) is normally caused by fungi and bacteria that build up because of inadequate fresh air ventilation in structures. Therefore, improving the indoor environment of the building can reduce the effect of SBS. Lower construction costs The cost of the building can be lowered by reducing the use of material and saving on disposal costs because of recycling. For example, recycled aggregate can be used as filler material. Lower operating costs As discussed earlier in chapter 2.10, the use of energy can be reduced in a building by designing the building such that it gets maximum sunlight, and in so doing, cutting down expenses concerning electricity. This has a great impact for people with low income, who spend much of their salary in paying utility bills. Life Cycle Assessment â€Å"†¦.Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and materials used and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process or activity, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal†¦.† Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice, SETAC, Brussels (1990). There are four main components of LCA, which are as follows: Goal definition and scoping: Identify the LCAs purpose and the expected products of the study. Also, he needs to determine the boundaries and assumptions based upon the goal definition Life-cycle inventory: Quantify the raw material and energy inputs during each stage of production. Moreover, environmental releases are also taken into account. Impact analysis: Assess the impacts on human health and the environment associated with energy, raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified by the inventory. -Improvement analysis: Evaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle. For this project, only the environmental impacts (carbon dioxide emission) and energy used from the manufacture of all the materials utilised in the construction of a typical residential house were considered. Construction Waste The construction energy generates an enormous amount of waste. Rogoff and Williams (1994) pointed out that in the USA, wastes from the construction industry contributed to approximately 20 %, in Australia 30% and in UK more than 50 % of the overall landfill volumes in each country. The Building Research Establishment (1982) has defined waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building projects. Serpell and Alarcon (1998) defined construction waste as any material by product that does not have any residual value. But this is not true for the construction and demolition waste as much as the waste can be reduced or recycled. By reducing the level of waste in the construction industry, it benefits the environment and lowers the cost of the project. Bossink and Brouwers (1996) estimated that about 1-10% by weight of the purchase construction material leaves the site of residential projects as waste. However Guthrie et al. (1998) found that at least 10 % of all the raw materials which are delivered on most construction sites are wasted through damage, loss and over-ordering. A study carried by Dabycharun (2004), pointed out that a residential house in Mauritius generates about 0.2-0.5 tonne/m2 of waste. He carried out questionnaire interview in order to get this figure. However, the Fichtner report (1999) states that during the construction of an average private house of 140 m2, 8-10 tonne of mixed waste are generated. Skoyles and Skoyles (1987) identified two main kinds of building construction waste and finishing waste. Structure waste consists of fragments, reinforcement bars, abandoned timer plate and pieces which are generated during the finishing stage of a building. For example it comprises of surplus cement motar arising from screeding scatters over the floors inside the building. There are two distinct procedures in minimising the amount of in landfill sites through the construction process. The first one is to reduce the amount of waste generated through source reduction techniques both on site and during the design and procurement phases of a building project. The second procedure is to improve the management of the unavoidable waste generated on site. In managing the unavoidable waste, there are three options in order of preference. They are as follows: Reuse Recycling Disposal The balance between the three will depend upon the nature of the materials wasted, legislative requirements for the specific materials and the cost effectiveness of each option. The cost will in turn depend upon the availability of reusing and recycling options and the opportunities for reuse on a specific project. Recycled materials, while requiring transportation and reprocessing, consume significantly fewer resources compared to the extraction and processing of raw materials. This is particularly true for metal such as iron, copper and aluminium. These metals can be reproduced to a quality equal to that of raw material processing. Both concrete and timber can be recycled or reused but with the defect that the quality of the final product is often diminished. By crushing concrete, we can  reuse it as an aggregate for some purposes, particularly like paving (Boyle, 2005). But, it was found by Millard and al. (2004) that from the recycled aggregate found in the construction and demolition waste, concrete blocks can be manufactured. Also, coarse recycled aggregates can be used in new concrete (Limbachia, 2004). Good grade timber can be used in the making of furniture. It is strongly stated not to use supporting timber since it is difficult to determine whether a used timber beam has stress cra cks or other weak points. In other countries, plastics can be recycled into a number of construction products, including tiles, lumber, heating and wire insulation and carpet. According to Huang and Hsu (2003), each year in Taiwan over 10106 tonnes of construction material are extracted for their usage and more than 40106 tonnes of construction waste are disposed without recycling. Significant amounts of asphalt were present in the waste. However, if it was recycled, this would have decreased the amount of asphalt which was imported. Thormark  (2002) pointed out that recycled concrete, clay brick and lightweight concrete can meet the total need for gravel in new houses and in renovation. Materials and Methods The next part of the dissertation was the methodology. In this section, an analysis was carried out on the different resources used for the construction of a single-storey house and the CO2 emission from each of the different resources. Therefore, a house had to be selected to carry out the analysis Selection of a typical house The house model used for the analysis was basically a virtual detached house which occupied a space of 128.30 squares metres floor area. The floor area was measured at plinth level to the external face of the external wall. The plan of the typical house model was obtained from the Central Statistics Office which was originally provided by the Mauritius Housing Company Limited. The house represented the most common type of residential house in Mauritius. The plan of the house is found in appendix A. The building constitutes of two bedrooms, a living-dining room, a kitchen, a toilet, a bathroom, a verandah and an attached garage. It was assumed to be built up of concrete block walls, reinforced concrete flat roof, internal flush plywood doors, glazed metal openings, screened floor and roof, tiling to floor and walls of W.C, and bathroom and kitchen worktop; the ceiling and walls were rendered and painted both internally and externally. It should also be noted that in the event the single-storey building would need to be converted into a two-storey house, an additional provision of more substantial foundation and of stub columns of the roof has already been made. Calculation of different resources Various materials and other resources were needed during the construction of the house. These can be broken down in different input categories. The input categories (different components) for the construction comprised of labour, hire of plant, materials and transport. The materials were further broken down into hardcore fillings (remplissage), cement, sand, timber for carpentry and joinery, metal openings, ceramic tiles, glass and putty, plumbing, sanitary installation, electrical installation and other miscellaneous expenses. The weightage of the components, shown in table 3.0, was calculated by a private firm of Quantity Surveyors for the Central Statistics Office’s use. The firm had identified nineteen stages through which the construction of the house had gone through. The cost for each stage was calculated. Detailed cost of each inputs in terms of plant, labour, materials and transport that go into the construction of typical residential house were calculated. According to the Statician, Jagai D. (pers. Comm., 19 November 2007), the construction of the single storey building, in the year 2001, was estimated by the quantity surveyor to be Rs 550,000. the weight was calculated so that each input category represented a fraction of the price for the residential building. Table 3.0 Weightage of different Input categories (Source: construction price index,2007) Input categories Weight / % Labour Skilled workers Unskilled workers 16.8 17.7 Plant Mixer Breaker Metal plaques 0.7 0.9 1.4

Further Celebration at Heorot :: Essays Papers

Further Celebration at Heorot PASSAGE SUMMARY Beowulf returns to Heorot after the heroic fight with Grendel's mother; and the Danish warriors, who were unable to stop the monsters' attacks themselves, salute the greatest of Geats. Beowulf greets Hrothgar and tells him about the war under water, the failure of Hrunting, and the slaying of Grendel's mother with the sword he found in the cave: "The sword itself had already melted, its patterned blade burned away: the blood was too hot for it, the spirit that had died there too poisonous" ( Norton, p.48). He presents the golden hilt of the giant sword to Hrothgar, who is grateful to Beowulf for making the land of the Danes free of monsters. Beowulf also brings Grendel's head as the evidence of his glory. Hrothgar then reminds Beowulf about the sin of hubris and tells him the story of Heremod as an example of what happens when that sin overtakes a man. The king also advises the hero, "Have no care for pride, great warrior" (Norton, p.49). Then everyone at Heorot enjoys a great feast. The next day, Beowulf returns Hrunting to Unferth, but says nothing about the sword's failure. Important Names BEOWULF is the remarkable hero of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, "the greatest of the surviving epics composed by the Germanic peoples" (Norton, 22). He is famous for his strength ("he has in his handgrip the strength of thirty men") and for his courage in fighting monsters. In the epic, Beowulf fights Grendel, a hateful monster who terrorizes Heorot; Grendel's mother, who tries to avenge the death of her son; and the Dragon, who threatens Beowulf's tribe and burns his hall. HROTHGAR is the noble and wise king of Danes. He is referred to as "protector of warriors" and "ring-giver," the latter epithet used to tell readers he is generous. He builds a magnificent mead-hall, Heorot, which becomes threatened by Grendel. Unable to fight Grendel himself, Hrothgar and his people suffer from his attacks for years until Beowulf comes and offers his services. GRENDEL is a monster who is a descendant of Cain, the brother-slayer. For twelve years, Grendel attacks Heorot and kills Danish people: "he wanted no peace with any of the men of the Danish host" (Norton, 29). Hrothgar, the Danish king, doesn't have enough strength to fight Grendel. Only Beowulf can rescue the Danes from the monster's attacks.

Teenage Hypocrisy

At no other time In life does a person feel more insecurity than during teenage. We are erratic and inconsistent. Our character is in the process of being formed but it is far from being finished. The terrific insecurity produces the need to be accepted, respected and trusted. It is then that hypocrisy in its most innocent and faultless form takes birth because of our craving for these desires. But slowly as we continue to take this horrific curse of adolescence as a blessing, hypocrisy becomes our second nature. Almost involuntary. Think that at least once in our lives we all try becoming someone.Or try to pretend to be someone we are not. Just to be accepted. Just to fit in. But very rarely do we teenagers stop and think about what we are actually doing. About how we are losing our real selves while trying to be someone else. Someone we will never be. More importantly someone we don't have to be. I think that at this tender age we fear to stand alone or to be left out. So we do eve rything we can to walk with the crowd. We try to cluster together in groups and fit ourselves into perfect moulds. It is however like jamming square nails in round slots. What we need to understand is the fact that there are no moulds o fit into.We all are individuals with different interests, hobbies, point of views, opinions, beliefs and priorities. We should never have to change ourselves or impersonate to be accepted. The type of things we do these days just to be accepted are in my opinion absurd! We conceal too much. We lie too much. We fake too much. All of us typical teenagers seem to have an unwritten set of rules and ethics that rule our lives. One often is to never say anything that may even be remotely offensive to anyone in your presence with the exception of profuse profanity. But the important thing is that you onto need to do this.In a few years when you look back to reassess the decisions you made and the things you did, you will realize how ridiculous your needs we re. How you couldn't see the reality through the fog of immaturity. Trust me that popular group you trying so hard to be a part of is not worth losing yourself. And can tell you that the people who you think love you right now, won't even matter in a few years. You are bound fall apart as soon as the mask of hypocrisy falls, even if it is by accident. This is because we are never actually giving anyone a chance to know our real selves and to understand and accept us for who we actually are.Adolescence is a developmental phase which is prone to hypocrisy. So this teenage hypocrisy is a phase we all are going through or will be growing through. To a large extent teenage hypocrisy is a function of those expectations of adults and peers which conflict with our own feelings and desires. So is important to remember who we are and where do we want to be. And to grow out of this phase of regrets. Unfortunately some of us usually end up believing that hypocrisy is vital to survive in this wo rld of frauds and lies. But that's not true.It is important that we accept ourselves and understand that our individuality is not going to isolate us but rather give us a chance to welcome those people in our lives who will accept us for who we are and not for who they think we are. So stand for what you believe in, state what you really feel and don't worry about what others will think. In a nutshell all want to say is that don't ever change yourself for anyone or anything. That person you are trying to be is not half as awesome as you are. Learn to respect you uniqueness. Because you are one of a kind.

5 Ways to Use Rest and Reflection to Make Learning Stick

5 Ways to Use Rest and Reflection to Make Learning Stick Memory is sticky. Rest is good for learning. These are two of the most recent findings about learning from the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (October 2014) by Margaret Schlichting, a graduate student researcher, and Alison Preston, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience. The study Memory Reactivation during Rest Supports Upcoming Learning of Related Content describes how the researchers gave participants given two learning tasks that required them to memorize different series of associated photo pairs. Between the tasks, participants could rest for several minutes and could think about anything they chose. Brain scans on participants who used that time to reflect on what they had learned earlier in the day did better on tests later. These participants also performed better with additional   information, even if the overlap pertaining to what they learned later was small. Weve shown for the first time that how the brain processes information during rest can improve future learning, said Preston, explaining that letting the brain wander to previous experiences helped solidify new learning. So how might educators use the information from this study? Educators who provide students the time to develop a secure grasp of content through rest and reflection give student brains an opportunity to increase synaptic transmission along the neural pathways that are tasked with a particular form of learning. Rest and reflection makes those transmissions connect to other background knowledge, and those connections become stronger, which means learning is more likely to stick.   For teachers wanting to take advantage of these findings in how brains work,   there are several different strategies to try that allow for reflections when new content is introduced: 1.Think-jot-pair-share: Give students several minutes to think about new learning beginning with the simplest question, â€Å"What do I already know about this new content and how can that help me better understand?† This is the â€Å"rest† period, so give students time to think first without writing.Give students time to reflect and jot down their responses   (doodle, map, outline, notes). This is the reflection period.Have students pair or group and share their responses with each other.Have each pair or group share out what they already know and how this knowledge might help them. 2. Reflective journaling: Reflective journaling is a practice where students are provided time to think deeply and write about a learning experience. This involves the student writing about: What happened (positive and negative);Why it happened, what it means, how successful it was;What the student (personally) learned from the experience. 3. Mindmapping: Give students time to think (rest period) as they use the powerful cognitive strategy that combines graphics and   spatial awareness have students start in the center of a piece of paper and use a central image that is connected to new learningHave students branch out in lines and add additional images that are related to the central imageMake the lines curved and encourage the use of color to make the mind map Limit the number of words to one per line 4. Exit Slip This strategy requires students reflect on what they have learned and express what or how they are thinking about the new information by answering a   prompt given by the teacher. Providing time for students to think first,this strategy is an easy way to incorporate writing into many different content areas.    Examples of exit slip prompts: The most important thing I learned today was†¦Summarizing what I learned in 20 words:I need help with†¦I would like to learn about†¦My   understanding of today’s topic from 1-10 is a ___ because,..... 5. The 3,2,1,bridge This routine can be introduced by having students do an initial 3, 2, 1 set of reflections individually on paper.    Before new content is introduced, students are asked to  write down 3 thoughts, 2 questions, and 1 compare or contrast statement on a topic that will be taught;After the topic is introduced, students complete another 3,2,1 3 thoughts, 2 questions, and 1 compare/contrast statement or analogy;  Students then share both their initial and new thinking and draw a bridge between the before new learning and after new learning. The share the bridge with other students. Whatever strategy is selected, educators that provide time for rest and reflection when new content is introduced are educators that allow students to use their prior knowledge or memories to make new learning stick.  Spending the time for reflection with any of these strategies when new material is introduced will mean that students will need less time for reteaching later.