Hatred in Swifts Gullivers Travels and Hartleys Film No Such Thing :: essays research papers

Misanthropy, or hatred of humankind, is one of the strongest feelings that people can have. In his novel Gullivers Travels, the author Jonathan Swift explores what causes this emotion. Likewise, Hal Hartley attempts to beg off the roots of hatred through his film No Such Thing. Through their works, both men claim that it is not a universal emotion, but preferably it is felt only by more than evolved creatures. Hatred is a product of knowledge and the sense of superiority it creates in those who posses it.Swift interprets hatred to be an unpreventable consequence of intelligence. During his fourth voyage, Gulliver lands on the island of the Houyhnhnms, a race of horse-like creatures, and the Yahoos, human-like animals. The Houyhnhnms dominate over the Yahoos, much as humans rule over horses. These creatures hold their servants in disdain, screening them as lower life forms. The Houyhnhnms are exponentially more evolved than the Yahoos, exhibiting a civilized form of soci ety, while the Yahoos live in ape-like tribes and labor for the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver soon begins to arrest them in the same light There were few greater lovers of Mankind, at that time, than myself, yet I confess I never saw any raw(a) Being so detestable on all Accounts, and the more I came near them, the more hateful they grew (187). Gulliver sees how unintelligent and uncivilized the Yahoos are, causing him to think himself fracture than they are. The Houyhnhnms also notice the difference between the Yahoos and him Every Servant of his House were desirous to teach me. For they looked upon it as a Prodigy that a brute brute should discover such Marks of a ration Creature (190). Although the Houyhnhnms initially look upon Gulliver was disdain, assuming that he is one of the Yahoos, they begin to treat him with respect by and by he demonstrates his intelligence to them. They only hold Gulliver in contempt while they believe that he is as stupid and uncivilized as the Yaho os, but formerly he proves that he is as well-mannered and intelligent as the Houyhnhnms are, their hatred diminishes. They treat him respectfully when they view him as an equal. Gulliver, on the other hand, becomes more and more misanthropic as he stays on the island. He knows immediately the difference between himself and the Yahoos.

Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay -- Stephen Crane Open Boat Essays

Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Humanity often tends to see itself as being somehow important in the yard scheme of the Universe. We speak of fate as if we were put here for some reason, or purpose. We have our religions, which often serve as an engine to drive our lives and as a means to give meaning to them. But why do we think of ourselves in such a superior fashion? Do we really outlet at all? Would the Universe stop if we were suddenly taken absent? In his short tarradiddle, The Open Boat, Stephen Crane shows us a Universe completely unconcerned with the affairs of humankind it is an indifferent Universe in which Man has to struggle to survive. The characters in the story come face to face with this indifference and are nearly overcome by Natures lack of concern. They survive only through persistence and cooperation. All we have, Crane asserts, in our constant struggle for survival, is stubborn pride--and each other. The story opens with four men, known simply as the captain, the oiler, the correspondent, and the cook, stranded in the ocean in a small boat. Cranes descriptions in these opening scenes show right away the antagonism of the men and the sea and natures lack of concern for their tragedy The birds sat comfortably in groups, and they were envied by some in the dingey, for the wrath of the sea was no more to them than it was to a covey of prairie chickens a thousand miles inland.(2) The men are in a desperate situation, but nature continues in its way...

Religion and Prayer in Public Schools Essay -- Exploratory Essays Rese

Religion in Public Schools The practice of religion has been a major factor in American shade for centuries. The religion clause of the First Amendment, which states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, was developed to preserve the independence of religion (Haynes 2). The religion clause was designed to protect religion from the control of the government, but, consequently, it restricts the expression of religion in national institutions such as public schools. This super debated issue of religion in public schools is supported by the belief that religion is critical to the formation of a healthy society but is challenge on the basis that the church and the state must remain separate to protect the freedom of religion. Controversies arise over the interpretation of the exact limits of religion in regards to public schools. The religion clause of the First Amendment is often misinterpreted to mea n that absolutely no spectral expressions or activities can take pl ace in public schools. Richard W. Riley, U.S. Secretary of Education, published a statement in 1995 detailing the principles of the extent to which unearthly expression and activity are permitted in public schools. He express that the First Amendment con tains two equally important obligations of public school officials in their dealings with religion. The first is that schools may not forbid students from expressing their own religious beliefs. Schools may not discriminate against religious expressions performed privately by students, but instead they must offer the same right to be involved with religious activities as they would offer to other activities. At the same t... ... regarding the role of religion in public schools will continue to arise as long as people have differences of values and beliefs. Works Cited Brandt, Ron. On Finding Common Ground with Religious Conservatives A Conversation with Charles Haynes. Educational Leadership 53.7 (1996) 73. Gaddy, Barbara, and T. William Marzano. School Wars Re2solving Our Conflicts all over Religion and Values. San Francisco Jassey-Bass, 1996. 169, 182, 187. Haynes, Charles C.. Finding Common Ground Teaching about religion the right way is important. Gannett News Service 30 June 1997, sec. 32. Riley, Richard W. United States division of Education. Religious Expression in Public Schools (1995). Online. Internet. 8 Oct. 1997. Available http//www.ed.gov/Speeches/08-1995/religion.html. Tekano, Mark. Separation Anxiety. A. Magazine. 31 May 1995 2.

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Fahrenheit 4511 In the futuristic novel Fahrenheit 451, the author, Ray Bradbury, expresses several problems that influence the story. Many of these problems have to do with the style of the people in the twenty- fourth century society. One major problem is that firemen have been given the job of burning books in order to stop the paste of ideas, and to cause all of society to reform and therefore be happy. Many people do not agree with this and they try hard to keep books alive, regular though they may be killed for it. Guy Montag, who in the beginning of the story is a proud fireman, later doubts his job and joins those who preserve books. One person who teaches him nearly books is an old man named Faber who is a retired English professor. During a conversation between Montag and Faber, Montag states, Thats the good part of dying when youve nothing to lose, you run any bump you want(pg.85). What he means by this is that he is willing to risk his life to help sa ve books for others to read and enjoy. However, Montags wife, Mildred, does not c atomic number 18 for books as much as Montag because she knows books are illegal and she fears for her life. Mildred tells Montag how afraid she is by saying, They might come and burn the house and the family. Why should I read? What for?(pg.73) Montag is upset when he hears this because he sees that there is a problem with burning books. Indeed there is a problem because books allow people to express themselves, learn, dream, and have fun. In a society such as the one found in Fahrenheit 451, people are not allowed to experience any of these things and they are less individual. another(prenominal) problem found in Bradburys future is that some schools and businesses have been shut down simply because they encourage and promote reading and books. In the novel, books are made to be thought of as evil and are no longer produced. Book companies along with some schools and publishing agencies ha ve been closed cod to the ban of books. On page 75 Bradbury tells of the closing of schools by writing, The old man admitted to being a retired English Professor who had been thrown out upon the land forty years ago when the last liberal arts college shut for lack of students and patronage.

The Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Essay -- Cause Effect

The Effects of Divorce on Children and FamiliesSociety is always rushing, hurrying, and trying to beat the clock. Deadlines and extra time seem to be a topic in everyday conversation. How is it possible that so much can be accomplished in hardly a short amount of time? What seems to be lacking? What is cut out of peoples everyday life? Frank Furedi in his book finale of Fear, discusses many issues that are facing our society today. One of the issues he has written about is interpersonal relationships, at one point in the book Furedi writes ...people pollute-not just the environment but each other(38). When one takes a more thoughtful approach to life, one may find there are many examples to the idea of strained relationships surrounded by people in our society, for instance divorce. It has become part of everyday life, that divorce is very real. Much research has proven oer the past several decades that more and more people get divorced. For example, almost without notice the divo rce rate in the United States went from 26% in the 1960s to 50% in 1980 (Masci 9). That number has consistently increased into 1990s through this century. What was once a secret and even considered a scandal, has now become an every day ordinary occurrence. Usually what is left to lie in the balance are material items such as cars, clothing, and homes, but it is not the everyday items left from divorce that affects society, it is the child. What is to buy the farm to these children whoseem to be caught in the middle of their parents divorce? Children of divorce sometimes are forced to be in the middle of a nasty battle mingled with their parents. Most of the children are scared to say their true feelings and what they want in life. In an article found on ... ...of the world strongly influences behavior between people. Such sentiments are inspired by a lack of clarity about the terms on which relationships are built.(107).Works Cited Campbell, Susan. Moving On. Psychology right away online. 34,4 Jul/Aug 2001. 16,1. 15 profane 2005 Furedi, Frank. Culture of Fear Risk-Taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. New York Continuum, 2003. Jurkovic, Gregory J. et al. Parentification of Adult Children of Divorce A Multidimensional Analysis. Journal of Youth Adolescence Online. 30,2 Apr. 2001. 245,13. 22 Mar 2005 . Masci, David. Children and Divorce. The CQ Researcher Online. 11, 2 19 Jan. 2001. 20 Mar. 2005

The Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Essay -- Cause Effect

The Effects of Divorce on Children and FamiliesSociety is always rushing, hurrying, and trying to beat the clock. Deadlines and overtime seem to be a topic in everyday conversation. How is it possible that so much can be accomplished in just a short amount of time? What seems to be absentminded? What is cut out of stacks everyday life? Frank Furedi in his book Culture of Fear, discusses many issues that are facing our society today. wiz of the issues he has written about is interpersonal relationships, at star point in the book Furedi writes ...people pollute-not just the environment but each other(38). When one takes a more thoughtful approach to life, one may find there are many examples to the idea of strained relationships between people in our society, for instance break. It has become part of everyday life, that divorce is very real. Much research has proven over the past several decades that more and more people get divorced. For example, almost without notice the divorce rate in the United States went from 26% in the 1960s to 50% in 1980 (Masci 9). That number has consistently increased into 1990s through with(predicate) this century. What was once a secret and even considered a scandal, has now become an every day common occurrence. Usually what is left to lie in the relaxation are material items such as cars, clothing, and homes, but it is not the everyday items left from divorce that affects society, it is the child. What is to happen to these children whoseem to be caught in the middle of their parents divorce? Children of divorce sometimes are forced to be in the middle of a nasty battle between their parents. Most of the children are scared to say their certain feelings and what they want in life. In an article found on ... ...of the world strongly influences behavior between people. Such sentiments are inspired by a lack of clarity about the terms on which relationships are built.(107).Works Cited Campbell, Susan. Moving On. Psychology T oday online. 34,4 Jul/Aug 2001. 16,1. 15 Mar 2005 Furedi, Frank. Culture of Fear Risk-Taking and the morality of Low Expectation. New York Continuum, 2003. Jurkovic, Gregory J. et al. Parentification of Adult Children of Divorce A Multidimensional Analysis. Journal of Youth Adolescence Online. 30,2 Apr. 2001. 245,13. 22 Mar 2005 . Masci, David. Children and Divorce. The CQ Researcher Online. 11, 2 19 Jan. 2001. 20 Mar. 2005

The Role of Leadership

With the increased level of competitiveness in the business world and high tempo of metamorphose at present, leading a multifariousness is currently a key leadinghip aptitude, and the capacitance for companies to discover, grow up, adjust, and trade is becoming a key administrational ability. Transformational drawing cards are capable of identifying the take for key formational transformation or motley, and subsequently get employees pertain in carrying pop out the change. Through the use of a range of skills from other leadership concepts, transformational leaders are capable of leading & managing change shake offs of all extents.Transformational leaders are generally extremely good at selling their initiatives, building commanding championship systems, organizing different professionals around decisive projects and be able keep them determined and also energized until when the transformation is over. These leaders recognize when to act get things made mother and comp lete the projects succeederfully and bring positive results Transformational leaders usual make things to happen. (Bassand and Avolio, 1999) The Role of LeadershipFor a comp many(prenominal) where the employees entertain doctrine in the capabilities of leaders, the employees look beforehand to the leaders for several of aspects. Through radical changes times, the employees depart anticipate efficient and reasonable planning, self-assured and effectual decision-making, and frequent, inclusive communication which are timely. In app shoemakers lastage through with(predicate)out these periods of change, the employees exit observe leadership as encouraging, committed and concerned to their interests, whilst at the same moment identifying that hard decisions must be made.The best expression to sum up is that at that turn out should be an environment of trust among a leader and all employees of the giving medication or a team. The continuation of this trust and faith brings op timism for improved moments in the future, and this makes handle the radical change quite easier. (Bassand and Avolio, 1999) In organizations which are characterized by bad leadership, employees anticipate nothing positive from any change. In an environment of mistrust, employees find out that leaders volition operate in indecipherable manners and in manners which do not appear to be for anyones best concerns.Bad leadership implies a lack of hope that, if permitted to continue for a long time, results in such organizations becoming entirely non-functioning. Such an organization ought to fishing gear the practical effect of distasteful change, however more signifi squeeze outtly, have to work under the burden of the employees who have lost hope, have no trust in the organization or in the capability of leaders in turning the organization about. Importance of leadership in the circumspection of transformational changeprudent leadership previous to, through and following change imp lementation is the solution to attainment during the swamp. Regrettably, if a leader hasnt created a track record of efficient leadership, at the time the leader will have difficulties during changes, it might be too late. If a leader is to manage transformational change successfully, a leader needs to be conscious that there are three distinctive period zones where transformational leadership is significant. We shall call these Preparing for the Journey, Slogging through The Swamp, and after Arrival.We shall examine more circumspectly at all of these. The Journey preparation We would be a mistaken to presume that the Journey preparation takes part only subsequent to the purpose has been defined or selected. When talking about the Journey preparation for change, it means that leading in a manner that lay the groundwork or foundation for any changes which may happen in future. Preparing is regards creating resources, through building strong organizations in the initial position.Much akin to healthy persons, who are well capable to deal with infection or illness than unhealthy persons, organizations which are strong in the initial position are better capable to cope with any change. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) A transformational leader will pick out to institute credibility and a impressive track record of efficient decision making, in order to create trust in his/her capability to find out what is needed in bringing the organization through. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) Slogging through the SwampA transformational leader plays a crucial role throughout the change implementation, the time from the when the change was announcement throughout the setting up of the change project. In this middle time the organization is in super unbalanced, characterized with fear, confusion, reduced productivity, failure of direction, and absence of pellucidness regarding mandate and direction. This can be a time of emotions, with the employees mournful for what they lost, and at fir st incapable of looking to the prospect or future. (Kochan and Useem, 1992)During this time, effective transformational leaders strike to put focus on two aspects. One the confusion and feelings of the employees have to be recognized and confirmed. Two the transformational leader ought to work with the employees to start crafting a untried vision for the transformed organisation, and assisting employees to comprehend the future direction. Focusing barely on the feelings, might end in wallowing of employees. That is reason it is essential to start the transformation into the hot approaches or situations.While, focusing just on the fresh vision might result in a perception that the transformational leader is not in touch, set-apart and cold. A core part of transformational leadership in this stage is to understand when to put focus on the pain of the organisation, and when to put focus on whirl and getting into the future. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) After Arrival In a feeling change is never complete, thus in a way a leader will never arrive, however here, we are looking at the time when the early instability of bulky change has been able to be reduced.Employees at this time have now become less emotional, and thus more steady, and with efficient transformational leadership during the prior stages, are currently more open to looking in to clean innovative directions, authorization and manners of performing things. This is the ideal moment for transformational leaders to commence positive rude(a) change, for example the BP transformational prudence change that Horton, initiated in BP in the 1990s.The crucial aspect here is that, transformational leaders should now provide hope and trust that an organization is running towards being better, through solving its problems and also upward(a) the standards of the organisation and of employees work life. Whereas the fresh vision of an organization might have started whereas employees were trudging through the swa mp, this is the moment to complete the progression, and also come across that employees and all other stakeholders subvert it, and comprehend their functions in this fresh organization. (Kochan and Useem, 1992)The Extent the growth of change select by BP was consistent with theories of change management. transfigure in a work place is normally initiated by an organization in order to improve its service delivery. Change in management requires a thorough planning and responsive implementation, roughly of all, consultation need to done involving the people who are going to be affected by the planned changes. If change is forced to the people usually it brings problems. Galpin (1996) observes that, change has to be realistic, attainable and measurable, these factors are important especially when considering personal change in management.It has been observed that people change their ways because of being given statistics that change their way of thinking rather than the truth in the content. (Walton, 1995) In the case of BP, the management adopted change with resistance, and as stated in some theories for change, valet being are habitual creatures that will resist change even if it is good, a person dont like changing the way he has been operating, this resistance is shown both in personal life and at place of work. Thus, as stated above it is a true person will require analysis of the issue to make him change.For example if when BP was undergoing the transformational change from traditional ways of management, a lot of questions were asked. The analysis will include, how successful is the change compared to the current ways of doing the activity, and what are the trend taking place. Also comparison has to be made in relation to other plays. If the analysis shows that the project if implemented will be successful then it is bound to get acknowledgement from the workers than if when the analysis shows that it may fail.Despite the fact that the, truth of the matter was different. The board of BP did not wait to realize the end results this is may be due to the fact that the time frame of the transformation was to long while the board required faster outcomes. (Stoner and Freeman, 1992) Walton (1995) also says that change management implies that, employees need to feel that they are part of a process, thus, in bringing a change the people, the must be consulted and their suggestions sought.Stoner and Freeman (1992) observes that, In initiating the change ensure that it agrees with them, and that they understand the need of having the change, the people also need to chose how they will manage the change and in also should be involved in planning and also implementing the change. It is also important to use face to face way of communication in handling a sensitive issue. Thus, in the case of BP the management adopted changes on basis intellectual stimulation, through adopted the transformational process brought about by the Horton.Accordi ng to this concept leaders stimulate the efforts of their employees through they innovativeness and also creativity, which was adopted by BP Company. (Stoner and Freeman, 1992) Question two the extent to which organisational finish may impede the process of change Organization culture is the manners in which activities are performed in an organization, the culture of an organization are guided by its values, beliefs, attitudes and experiences of an organization.Organization culture is a defined collection of norms and values that people and groups share in an organization, which directs the manner they move with one another and with organizations stakeholders. According to Schein (1992) concept, organizational culture is a model of shared fundamental assumption which an organization has leant in the process of solving its internal integration which has worked adequately well to be taken valid in order to be used to be taught to other new members of the organization.(Schein, 1992) Schein identifies three main aspects which are Artefacts evident organizational structures and procedures Espoused values these are goals objective and strategies of the organization Underlying assumptions unconscious, assumed, thoughts beliefs perceptions and feelings (the eventual source of values and acts) Schein (1992) also points out that we have a deeper essential assumption that has a relationship with views of employees about the organization that influence how employees feel and perceive the organization.(Bowditch and Buono (1990) states that culture of an organization is dynamic and it is a continuous process. Leadership structure o an organization has a major position in defining organizational culture of an organization. Managers and founders of the organization play a significant role in as creators of culture of an organization. There are various aspects which decide the perception of the employees, these aspects includes how the organization treats its workforce, o r how the management treats professional morals or even the social relationship in organization, whether it is warm or cold.The organization climate created can help the organization achieve its goals and objectives or stymy it. Recent research reveals that management structure of an organization plays a significant function in defining the organizational climate in an organization. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) Culture has an enormous effect on success rate of change Bowditch and Buono (1990) states that the organizations culture has much to do with success rate of an organisations projects. This entails any change that the organisation will adopt whether passenger carial or technological.The expression culture in general means how things are done. visualizes where a person asks you how effectively your organization succeeds on projects. If you answer, Were very poor at projects delivery, youre just voicing a view of one feature of your organisation culture. Culture comes into par ticipation on changes or projects in several areas. Process orientation A lot of organizations have got good processes in position and employees normally follow them well. This is possibly the principal(prenominal) single issue in generally project success.When an organization adheres to a well, scalable project management practice, a leader is more possibly to be constantly successful on the projects he initiates. The whole project team usually knows how to formulate and pursue a work plan, and can also bind standard procedures to successfully manage risk, extent of change, and issues of change. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) However if the culture of the organization do not have a good processes then change procedures will not be followed and success may not be realized.Governance Numerous organizations have placed processes in position, although no one adheres to them. This underscores a difficulty with management control. In basic terms, governance of organisation entails the mana gement role that has deals with ensuring people do what theyre ought to do. Usually, if the management arrangement is engaged and concerned in any projects, and if managers or leaders ensure that the project management procedure is well followed, a leader bring about change will be highly successful.But when each project manager is by his/her own and the management support is disorganized, though, a leader may try, he/she will fail. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) Training Several organizations ill train their project managers. Normally, such organizations have a poor training programme in genera even for other employees. When project managers in general do not have the correct skills, the transformational leader will not be successful. Organisation with poor culture on employee training will not be supportive to new changes. Roles and responsibilitiesBowditch and Buono, (1990) points out that, in a successful organization, employees usually know the function they ought to play on proje cts and also what is anticipated of them. This comprises of active sponsors, concerned clients, and connected management stakeholders of organisation. The sponsors, for example, require carrying out a quality assurance functions and, being the project defender in his/her organization. Supposing an organization begins projects and then leaves a project manager in a leadership void, then, such a leader is not going to be constantly successful.Culture plays possibly the largest part in whether an organization will be successful in executing its projects. If an organization has difficulties completing their projects effectively and successfully, then, the organisation should not fault the project manager. A project manager only toils within an organisation culture which is not supporting their efforts. Managers, and even the head of the organizations, require stepping in and assess the project culture in organisation.Until an organisation culture changes for good, project managers will constantly struggle in being successful. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) Organizational structure can assist or harm project success To a lager extent, an organizational structure and culture can hinder, or assist support, the generally success of organisation projects. However, the organisational structure can be changed to some degree with time. Indeed, the management can change the organization chart regularly, and several companies do simply that. Culture, in contrast, is not easily to change.It takes many years for a big organization to build up a culture and thus it will take so many other years for such culture to be changed. A strong culture of an organization emphasis status-quo and any new ideas are not easily assimilated by employees or the management of such organisations. Conclusion As Tichy and Devanna (1986) states, transformational leaders are persons who through their own innovativeness, ability knowledge and imaginations and to influence the conduct of employees create circumstances for transforming.Thus, the management employees during the time when the organizational is going through transformation, is the critical substance of the progression of overseeing the transformation. The victorious management of this substance also comprises, (transactional) capabilities of the management, proper transformational abilities (inspirational motivation, idealized Influence, etc), and proper transformational attributes (creativity, team orientation, teaching).Organisation culture can also hinder or assist the change to take place and its very vital in determining how successful the transformation change will be. Hence, we conclude that qualities of transformational leadership and the organisational culture make the core of transformational management in an organisation and the means to successful running of transformational organization changes. Reference Bass, B. , M. and Avolio, B. , J (1999) (ed. ) Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transform ational Leadership, Sage Publications, Ltd., USA. Bowditch, J. , L and Buono, A. , F. (1990) A Primer on Organizational Behaviour, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Galpin, T. , J. (1996) The Human Side of Change A Practical Guide to Organization Redesign, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, Kochan, T. and Useem, M. (1992) (ed. ), Transforming Organizations, Oxford University Press, Inc. , New York, Lorenz, C (1990) A drama behind Closed Doors That Paved the Way for a Corporate metamorphosis, Financial Times, (March 21), Parry, K. , W., (1996) Transformational Leadership Developing an Enterprising Management Culture, Pitman Publishing, Pearson Professional Pty Ltd. , Melbourne, Australia, Schein, E. H. (1992) Organizational Culture and Leadership (2nd edition. ). San Francisco Wiley & Sons Stoner, J. , A. and Freeman, R. , E. (1992) Management, Prentice Hall, Inc. , New Jersey, Tichy, N and Devanna, M. , A. (1986) The Transformational Leader, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , USA, Walton , A. , E. , (1995) (ed. ), discontinuous Change Leading Organizational Transformational, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco,

Midnight In The Garden Of Good And Evil Archetypal Project

Midnight in the garden of good and evil archetypal project. Summary 1, November 10, Pages 1-25 Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil starts with the main character, John Berendt as the Narrator. He first introduces the book by speaking of a man by the bear on of Jim Williams, the home owner of the Mercer house in Savannah Georgia. This intelligent yet cocky man is an antique dealer and is quite rich, owning many houses and valuable antiques. He spends most of his time restoring antiques and living like an aristocrat, but not actually being one. His assistant, Danny Hansford is very rowdy, he intrudes on Berendts interview of Williams by storming into Mercer house curse a certain Bonnie and insists that he get jacked up on drugs. Summary2, November 11, Pages 25-50 In the second chapter of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, we are introduced to yet another(prenominal) character by the name of Mary Harty, and elderly woman who has lived in Savannah for most of her life. Miss Harty is the mentor archetype, she drags Berendt all through Savannah, giving him randomness that only locals could tell you.Once the tour was finished, Berendt decided he would like to stay longer in the grand town of Savannah, and booked a room in the second floor of a carriage house. From here we meet the temptress Mandy Nichols and the trickster Joe Odom. Joe is the permanent host of an everlasting party, he steals electricity from the next gateway neighbors and swindles people out of their money, yet everyone loves him to death. Mandy is his fourth wife in waiting, shes won several pageants and is quite beautiful. Summary 3, November 12, Pages 50-75Into the 4th chapter of the novel, Berendt takes us to a scrap shop to shop for necessities for his new living space in Savannah. He describes a Buddha-like owner and an expressionless man in his mid-thirties, with mousy brown bull and one eye made up in purple eye shadow. The man with one eye made-up is referred to as Jack-the- one-eyed-Jill, according to his boss. Afterwards, Berendt comes across a strange man who has the same morning routine as himself, and orders the same meal every single day this man isLuther Driggers the inventor. This man is the outsider archetype, no one particularly enjoys his company, and rumors spread that he has a poison stronger than arsenic, and plans to one day dump it into Savannahs water supply. Summary 4, November 13, pages 75-100 Berendts trip is beginning to unfold and the small world philosophy is starting to show, everybody seems to be connected to everybody in Savannah now that Berendt is getting to know more than and more locals.In Joe Odoms house he meets Emma Kelly a pianist who hardly ever sleeps, music is her entire life. Joe describes the aspects of Emmas life to Berendt and he is throughly pleased to listen. Later on, Berendt is driving home and muscae volitantes a woman staring him down, her name is Chablis, she is a drag queen. Chablis is a temptress, Ber endt describes her as having no masculine features at all and being quite beautiful and feminine. Summary 5, November 14, pages 100-125

Descriptive essay on an attractive woman

An attractive woman is a woman who is attractive to you because she has certain attributes or she has certain inner qualities which pull to your senses. Beauty is the qualities which god graces a person with. Attractive is how a person carries herself. I other words, the way she portrays her assets to the world.Judgment of attractiveness of a woman depends on a particular society, culture or time period but most of all it is a matter of personal preference (1). In spite of world-shattering differences in opinion among different cultures, there atomic number 18 certain physical traits which are perceive as attractive by individuals irrespective of different cultures. A healthy skin adds a natural radiance to a womans face.The general symmetry of the face and the proportionate size of the features like the eyes, snout and ears and their proper placement adds to the attractiveness of a woman. Generally men prefer women shorter than his top of the inning. But in this age of fashion and modeling, men consider women with greater height as attractive.A woman is attractive when she has a low waist to hip ratio. In other words, she has less flab on her waist. And her body weight is proportionate to her height. work force of cross culture believe a woman as attractive who is not too thin or not obese or over-weight. In Asian countries like India may prefer fair skin as compared to tanned skin in western countries but in general, men do not think a woman attractive who has very dark complexion. The smell of human body (not body odor) is sexually attractive to the opposite sex.Though dish lies in the eyes of the beholder, according to Physiognomy, (2) beauty of the woman has to be judged on the whole considering all the parts together. An attractive woman has big and promising eyes with eyebrows like a perfect bow. Her hair is long soft and silky. Her nose is straight and of normal length. She has a round face which is soft and melted to the touch. Her attractivene ss is enhanced by her rosy cheeks and red and strong shaped lips. When she smiles, she shows her perfect shaped pearl like teeth.She has a smooth and conch like neck. She has well shaped arms with soft, delicate and beautiful hands. She has a flat belly and narrow waist. A well shaped back and legs completes her beauty. Ideally, a womans height should be average. An attractive woman has a clean fragrance. Sometimes the application of perfume or cologne adds to the attractiveness of a woman. A physically attractive woman in any case has a sweet voice.An attractive woman has a proper dress sense. She dresses herself according to the demand of the occasion. She may not posses nonesuch of all her features, so she uses make-up to highlight her best features. An attractive woman is a good communicator and she is socially successful.Attraction is not always the outer surface of the person, sometimes it originates from within. If a woman has loveliness of the soul, it adds ethereal glow to her beauty.Therefore, an attractive woman is a woman who is not only physically attractive but also has some intrinsic values like good communication skills and presence of mind. She should be also good at heart. So that when people meet her, they are not only attracted to her physically but are also attracted to her soul.

Doctrine of Judicial Precedent Essay

IntroductionStatutes and case law of nature of nature are two signifi send wordt sources of the UK law. In the convention of common law, the law applied to a case is unconquerable through juridical precedent and statutory interpretation. There pot be effectiveness of judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in separation as well as when they are combined in the development of law. To what extend can a judge develop the law through the operation of teaching of judicial precedent and activity to the rules of statutory interpretation will be discussed in this appellation. In the first place, this assignment will give an introduction to judicial precedent and statutory interpretation. In the second place, how can judicial precedent and statutory interpretation develop the law will be analysed and evaluated. Eventually, the conclusion of this assignment will be given.Judicial precedent, a procedure whereby judges follow previous case with sufficiently similar facts, regula tes case law, which is crucial to protect law stability. As MacCormick said to understand case law is to understand how it is that particular closes by particular judges concerning particular parties to particular cases can be utilise in the construction of general rules applying to the actions and transactions of persons at large. (James, 2010) Judicial precedent applies to the dogma of stare decisis.That is to not disturb the closings that are settled. For instance, through the stare decisis, the offer of manufacturing businesss held that the manufacturers owed a duty of care to their ultimate consumers of their goods in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), creating a binding precedent followed in Grant v Australian knit Mills (1936) in respects of duty of care and neighbor principle. The binding precedent is a effectual principle formed by the ratio decidendi, the fence for the decision. This means that the ratio decidendi must be followed with the recognition of the legal reason for the decision in the previous case (Jacqueline, 2010). The remainder of a judgment is Obiter dicta. It is a statement made by the way, which though is not binding merely can be persuasive in the future cases.Statutory interpretation is the summons of how the statutes interpreted and applied by a judge. There are four approaches developed to deal with the task of interpretation, including unfeigned rule, golden rule, mischief rule and goal-directed rule. When literal rule is applied, the words in the statutes are given their dictionary, original or everyday meaning, with the respect to the will of fantan. For instance, in Whitley v Chappell (1868), with the application to literal rule, the court held that the defendant was not guilty since a dead person is not, in the literal meaning of the word, entitled to vote. Golden rule was specify in Grey v. Pearson4 (1857), the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless it would lead to absurdity, when the or dinary sense whitethorn be modified to avoid the absurdity but no further.One of the illustrated cases is Re Sigsworth (1935). A son murdered his mother entitled to nothing since the court applied golden rule to modification to foresee repugnancy and absurdity. Instead of determining what the Parliament said, the Mischief rule is applied to what Parliament meant. The Mischief rule was applied in Smith v Hughes (1871). Lord Parker CJ held that the activities of harlotry were in a street or cosmos place for the intension of the bite to prevent the mischief of the impact of solicitation on the passers by. With a wider application, purposive rule is aimed to give promotion to the general legislative purpose emphasizing the provisions.Lord Denning stated we sit here to find out the intention of Parliament and of ministers and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment by opening it up to destructive analysis. In Cutter v Eagle Star (1 998), instead of literal rule, purposive rule is applied, holding that car park was a road, which underlies the Road Traffic Act (1988). Also, a purposive approach is now often applicable as a result of European Law. (James, 2010) Examples and evaluations of developmentThe judicial precedent is regarded as the sticker of the common law whereas approaches of statutory interpretation have developed as significant tools in interpreting the statutes. Furthermore, there has been a notable synergy surrounded by judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in the development of law.First of all, the development of law can be achieved by applying a suitable decision from previous cases with similar materials. In the case of Shaw v DPP (1962) the House of Lords held that a crime of conspiracy to corrupt public morals existed. The conspiracy to corrupt public morals consisted of an agreement to corrupt public morals by means of the magazine, and the defendants had been rightly convicted. This was followed in Knuller v DPP (1973), being held that an agreement to publish adverts to facilitate the counsel of homosexual acts between adult males in private was a conspiracy to corrupt public morals (E- lawresources, N/D).Therefore, with the application to doctrine of judicial precedent, the decision in a previous case can be applied to similar cases in the future, which then can contribute to the development of law in terms of quantity, certainty and stability. In addition, since consistent decisions are provided, the law is more possible to ensure fairness, and the citizens can be more willing to trust the law with confidence of being treated fairly. On the other hand, it is said that the doctrine of judicial precedent can be too rigid, as there seems to be a tendency that the binding precedent will be strictly applied in the decisions of cases. Also, since there are no uniform cases, the operation of the doctrine of judicial precedent may lead to a certain degree of i n legal expert, leaving limited space for the development of law.However, the rigidity of judicial precedent can be avoided in practice through the exceptions of decisions including application of overrule and spoting (James, 2010). As Posner (1990) claimed judges follow the previous decisions of their court when they agree with them or when they deem legal stability more important in the circumstances than getting the law right. But a precedents analogical significance means barely that the precedent contains information relevant to the decision of the present case. (Richard, 1990) Despite following the precedent strictly, judges are able to change the decisions in cooperation with facts.The Practice bid was made by Lord Gardiner in1966, allowing the House of Lord to change its previous decision when it appears right to do so in an attempt to achieve justice (Jacqueline, 2010). To illustrate, in Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd (1976), the House of Lord overruled Re Unite d Railways. In the case of Re United Railways (1961), it had been held that all debts were to be paid in sterling in an English civil case. In the case of Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd, the House of Lords held that damages could be awarded in any other foreign currency in the contract, due to the changes in conditions of foreign exchange (Vaughan, 2010). This was stated as the existing reason ceased now for a rule by Lord Denning (Michael, 2004).Distinguishing is another technique used by judges in order to avoid a previous binding decision that may cause awkward or unsuitable results. The case Balfour v Balfour (1919) is often cited in conjunction with Merritt v Merritt (1970) by way of illustration of how distinguishing works. In both of the cases, a married woman sued her married man for breach of contract. In Balfour v Balfour, based on the fact that the parties had not yet been divorced when the agreement was formed, the court held that there was no enforceable agre ement, owing to a rebuttable presumption against intention to create a legally domestic agreement. In the case of Merritt v Merritt, however, the claim was successful.The court was able to distinguish the material difference between two cases. Lord Denning stated that When husband and wife, at arms length, decide to separate and the husband promises to pay a sum as maintenance to the wife during the separation, the court does, as a rule, impute to them an intention to create legal relations. (Zander, 2004) As a result, the appeal from the husband in this case was dismissed. The exceptions of decisions enable the judges to be more flexible in relation of following or refusing earlier decisions from similar cases, which seems to extend the ply of the law lords to create law and the space for the development of law. However, it may decrease the take aim of law certainty and predictability.Regardless of the role statutory interpretation plays in helping judges deal with the task of i nterpreting statutes, the application and development among the four rules of statutory interpretation can promote law to adapt to ever-changing needs. In practice, judges are continually applying the existing rules to new fact situations and thus being able to keep pace with the changes of society. Firstly, approaches to statutory interpretation can attribute to the creativity and flexibility of law. Applying purposive rule, the court of the case of Royal College of Nursing v DHSS (1981) held that the Abortion Act 1967 aimed at preventing the mischief of back-street abortions where no checkup care was provided. Therefore, with the advancement of medical technology, abortion became legal to be administered by nurses. (James, 2010)In addition, rules of statutory interpretation can ensure the willing of Parliament. Judges cannot stimulate law, which is the role of Parliament, however, they can and do try to give effect to Parliaments intentions by using statutory interpretation. For instance, in the case of R v Registrar General ex parte Smith (1991), purposive rule was applied instead of literal rule due to the fact that the applicant was confirmed to be dangerous to his natural mother by a psychiatrist and Parliament could never have intended to promote such serious crime. Consequently, the applicant was failed to compass his birth certificate (Jacqueline, 2010). Approaches to statutory interpretation provide opportunities for judges to apply to divergent rules flexibly based upon the facts and the intention of Parliament. However, increases of flexibility and creativity of law may cause decreases of certainty and consistency.Last but not least, as two major aspects of the UK law, the interrelationship of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the rules of statutory interpretation are significant to the development of law. For example, in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Ltd (1953), there is a technical legal meaning of offer for sale. With the application to literal rule, the display of goods in a store shelf was held as an invitation to treat but not an offer to sell. This decision was followed in Fisher v Bell (1961). The court held that the display of product in a shop window was an invitation to treat and thus there was no violation of the Act. (James, 2010)ConclusionAs a consequence, with doctrine of judicial precedent, previous cases can be applied to cases with similar facts in the future, whereas with statutory interpretation, different decisions can be made with choices of different rules depending on different facts. The synergy between these two aspects produces certainty, elasticity and appropriate space for the gradual development of law. In conclusion, although a degree of rigidity and instability might occur in the progress of law development. Judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in combination can attribute to an increased level of certainty, consistency, flexibility, and elasticity of the law, creating an appropriate space for a gradual development of law.Bibliography1.James, H., 2010, Learning Legal Rules2.Jacqueline, M., 2010, Unlocking The English Legal System3.E-lawresources, N/D, Internet Available from Accessed 11 /11/ 2012 4.Richard, A, P., 1990, The Problems of Jurisprudence5.Vaughan, B., 2010, Foreign Currency Claims in the Conflict of Laws 6. Michael, Z., 2004, The Law-Making Process

Canadas First Past the Post System

In Canada Federal and idyll prototypic-Past-The-Post (FPTP) options be based on single member districts or ridings. Each riding chooses whizz nominee to elect into parliament. In order to win a postdidate must obtain the highest number of voter stave egresss but non necessarily the bulk of votes. The ships comp some(prenominal) that wins the or so ridings is named the official government of Canada with the punt lay outment companionship becoming the official opposition. The (FPTP) outline is also kn avouch as the winner-take-all system, in which the sewerdidate with the most votes gets elected. FPTP select methods can be used for single and ninefold member resources.In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. This system is used in Canada, UK, US, and India. Many Canadians atomic number 18 not happy with the current First Past the Post system currently in place for electing parliamentary of ficials barbarianly and federally. I commemorate that Canadas First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical vote it has a negative effect on littler get goingies and opens up the first step of gerrymandering constituencies.A new electoral system that is more proportional is needed in order to holler these bothers. There are a few problems that arise out of the FPTP system. One of the most important problems is the tendency for FPTP to favor tactical voting. Tactical voting happens when voters revolve their votes for genius of the dickens candidates that are most plausibly to win. This is do because it is perceived by the voter that their vote exit be wasted if they were to choose to vote for a smaller company, which they would more prefer. This is an understandable feeling by the voter because only when votes for the triumphant candidate actually count (Blais, 2008).The position is approximatelytimes summed up, in an extreme form, as All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner(Rosenbaum 2004), because by voting for other candidates, they return denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have win had they received them. Following the 2000 U. S. presidential election, some supporters of populistic candidate Al Gore believed he lost the extremely close election to Republican George W. Bush because a portion of the electorate (2. 7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the common land Party.Exit polls indicated that more of these voters would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not voting in Naders absence (Rosenbaum 2004). The people, who voted for Ralph Nader despite of his staggering inability to win, efficaciously voted for Bush by depriving Gore of their votes even though they would have preferred Gore. With tactical voting, voters, have to predict in advance who the pinnacle devil candidates bequeath be. This can distort results sign ificantly. One factor that influences tactical voting is the Media. Substantial power is granted to the media.Some voters provide tend to believe the medias assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media will know that other voters do believe the media, and therefore that those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular and thus most likely to be the top two. The media can also play an important role in persuading voters to use tactical voting. This is exemplified through the use of attack advertisements in television radio and shanghai media. This happens in the UK. The system may promote votes against as contend to votes for.In the UK, entire campaigns have been organized with the aim of voting against the Conservative companionship by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat. For spokesperson, in a constituency held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-place party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters powerfulness be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate (who has a smaller shortfall of votes to prove up and more support in the constituency) rather than their own candidate, on the basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing left/liberal party to a Conservative one (Drogus 2008).The media holds an important role in informing and influencing the public about political candidates. This causes the FPTP system to turn into run-off voting, which is a two round voting system where voters elect two forerunners for the constituency and select one to be winner. The first round of the election is done at heart the court of public opinion, the second round happens with the official election. This can be seen in the example of the 1997 Winchester by-election Gerry Malone the former Conservative MP who had lost his seat in the general election, was criticized as a poor loser by the media.The Labour Party obtained their whisk ever results in a parliamentary election, in part because they hardly campaigned at all and instead focused their priorities on the by-election in Beckenham held on the kindred day. It is presumed that most of the Labour supporters decided to vote Liberal Democrat knowing how unlikely they were to win. (Farrell 1998). The Labour Party voters used their votes tactically because they knew they couldnt win and were false off by the Conservative candidates negative image in the press.Another important reason that Canada should select a different election system is that the FPTP system has a large impact on smaller parties. According to semipolitical Scientist Maurice Duvergers Law, given enough time FPTP systems will eventually become a two party system (Duverger 1972). The FPTP system only gives the winner in each district a seat, a party that consistently comes third in all(prenominal) district will not gain any position in the legislature, eve n if it receives a significant proportion of the vote.This puts a heavy strain on parties that are spread geographically thin, such as the commonality party of Canada who received approximately 5% of the popular vote from 2004-2011, but had only won a single riding during that time (Elections Canada). The second problem facing smaller parties in FPTP systems is related to tactical voting. Duverger suggested an election in which 100,000 subside voters and 80,000 stem voters are voting for a single official.If two moderate parties ran candidates and one essential candidate were to run, the radical candidate would win unless one of the moderate candidates self-possessed fewer than 20,000 votes. Observing this, moderate voters would be more likely to vote for the candidate most likely to gain more votes, with the goal of defeating the radical candidate. all the two parties must merge, or one moderate party must fail, as the voters gravitate to the two strong parties, a trend Duver ger called polarization (Duverger 1972).Smaller parties will never have a fair amount of commission in proportion to their size. FPTP tends to reduce the number of viable political parties to a greater uttermost than other methods. This makes it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seating. Canada has had 33 majority governments out of 41 elections (Parliament of Canada) FPTPs tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rein in can potentially produce a government that may not consider a wide a range of perspectives and concerns.It is entirely possible that a voter will find that both major parties agree on a exceptional issue. In this case, the voter will not have any meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote. These voters will have to go back to tactical voting and vote for a candidate that they broadly disagree with in order to oppose a candidate they disagree with even more. This is a compromise that the voter should not have to make in order to express them selves politically. The third problem with the FPTP system is that it is especially vulnerable to gerrymandering.Gerrymandering is the process of scenery electoral districts in order to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to stimulate partisan or incumbent-protected districts. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander (Martis 2008). This process is very controversial in Canada and is viewed negatively when attempted. Governments in power to change integrity their dominance at the federal and provincial level can use gerrymandering to increase voters in a riding where they do not have as many voters, giving them an unfair advantage upon re-election.The examples of gerrymandering and its effects can be seen in Canada today. The current federal electoral district boundaries in Saskatchewan have been denominate as evidence of gerrymandering, The provin ces two major cities, Saskatoon and Regina, are both cracked into four districts each, when the populations of the cities proper would justify about three and two and a half of all-urban (or mostly urban) districts respectively the map instead groups split of the New Democratic Party-friendly cities with large Conservative-leaning rural areas (Elections Canada)In 2006, a controversy arose on Prince Edward Island over the provincial governments decision to throw out an electoral map pull by an independent commission. Instead the government created two new maps. The government adopted the second of these, designed by the caucus of the governing party. Opposition parties and the media attacked postmortem Pat Binns for what they saw as gerrymandering of districts. Among other things, the government adopted a map that ensured that either current Member of the Legislative accumulation from the premiers party had a district to run in for re-election, whereas in the original map, sever al had been redistricted.Despite this, in the 2007 provincial election only 7 of 20 incumbent Members of the Legislative Assembly were re-elected and the government was defeated. Pat Binns attempt at gerrymandering and loss of the election showed that the Canadian people do not support gerrymandering by politicians (CBC) Even though the FPTP system has many criticisms it does have some qualities that are found attractive. Firstly FPTP systems are slackly safe(p) at creating majority governments because of their winner take all attitudes.Majority governments are viewed as being more efficient because of their ability to swiftly pass laws through Parliament. However, majority governments increase their efficiency at the price of sacrificing a broader range of political views. Secondly, FPTP is a good way of discouraging extremist parties that seek to bring radical change to the government. This is because larger parties are favored to win seats so unless the party has a very concent rated electoral support the will generally never win any ridings.FPTP has many criticisms and flaws that are well exploited. These flaws can only be addressed by selecting a new electoral system. The FPTPs key flaw that underlies its criticisms is that it discounts or ignores minority parties and their voters. This effectively causes only voters of the major parties to be able to accurately express them selves politically. In a democracy every vote should count not just the votes cast for the winning party. This is why FPTP is not an adequate system for Canada. The FPTP system fails Canadian voters because it favors tactical voting orcing voters to make unnecessary compromises with their political beliefs. It perpetuates dominance of one or two main parties and discourages growth of newer, smaller parties. FPTP opens up the door for gerrymandering Politicians to take an unfair advantage to solidify their dominance in the government. In conclusion I think that Canadas First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting it has a negative effect on smaller parties and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.Canadas First Past the Post SystemIn Canada Federal and Provincial First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) elections are based on single member districts or ridings. Each riding chooses one candidate to elect into parliament. In order to win a candidate must obtain the highest number of votes but not necessarily the majority of votes. The party that wins the most ridings is named the official government of Canada with the second place party becoming the official opposition. The (FPTP) system is also known as the winner-take-all system, in which the candidate with the most votes gets elected. FPTP voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections.In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. This system is used in Cana da, UK, US, and India. Many Canadians are not happy with the current First Past the Post system currently in place for electing parliamentary officials provincially and federally. I think that Canadas First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting it has a negative effect on smaller parties and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.A new electoral system that is more proportional is needed in order to address these problems. There are a few problems that arise out of the FPTP system. One of the most important problems is the tendency for FPTP to favor tactical voting. Tactical voting happens when voters cast their votes for one of the two candidates that are most likely to win. This is done because it is perceived by the voter that their vote will be wasted if they were to choose to vote for a smaller party, which they would more prefer. This is an understandable feeling by the voter because only votes for t he winning candidate actually count (Blais, 2008).The position is sometimes summed up, in an extreme form, as All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner(Rosenbaum 2004), because by voting for other candidates, they have denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have won had they received them. Following the 2000 U. S. presidential election, some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed he lost the extremely close election to Republican George W. Bush because a portion of the electorate (2. 7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party.Exit polls indicated that more of these voters would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not voting in Naders absence (Rosenbaum 2004). The people, who voted for Ralph Nader despite of his staggering inability to win, effectively voted for Bush by depriving Gore of their votes even though they would have preferred Gore. With tactical voting, voters, have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be. This can distort results significantly. One factor that influences tactical voting is the Media. Substantial power is given to the media.Some voters will tend to believe the medias assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media will know that other voters do believe the media, and therefore that those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular and thus most likely to be the top two. The media can also play an important role in persuading voters to use tactical voting. This is exemplified through the use of attack advertisements in television radio and print media. This happens in the UK. The system may promote votes against as opposed to votes for.In the UK, entire campaigns have been organized with the aim of voting against the Conservative party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat. For example, in a constituency held by the Conservati ves, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-place party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate (who has a smaller shortfall of votes to make up and more support in the constituency) rather than their own candidate, on the basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing left/liberal party to a Conservative one (Drogus 2008).The media holds an important role in informing and influencing the public about political candidates. This causes the FPTP system to turn into run-off voting, which is a two round voting system where voters elect two forerunners for the constituency and select one to be winner. The first round of the election is done within the court of public opinion, the second round happens with the official election. This can be seen in the example of the 1997 Winchester by-election Gerry Malone the former Conservative MP who had lost his seat in the general election, was criticized as a poo r loser by the media.The Labour Party obtained their worst ever results in a parliamentary election, in part because they hardly campaigned at all and instead focused their priorities on the by-election in Beckenham held on the same day. It is presumed that most of the Labour supporters decided to vote Liberal Democrat knowing how unlikely they were to win. (Farrell 1998). The Labour Party voters used their votes tactically because they knew they couldnt win and were turned off by the Conservative candidates negative image in the press.Another important reason that Canada should select a different election system is that the FPTP system has a large impact on smaller parties. According to Political Scientist Maurice Duvergers Law, given enough time FPTP systems will eventually become a two party system (Duverger 1972). The FPTP system only gives the winner in each district a seat, a party that consistently comes third in every district will not gain any seats in the legislature, eve n if it receives a significant proportion of the vote.This puts a heavy strain on parties that are spread geographically thin, such as the Green party of Canada who received approximately 5% of the popular vote from 2004-2011, but had only won a single riding during that time (Elections Canada). The second problem facing smaller parties in FPTP systems is related to tactical voting. Duverger suggested an election in which 100,000 moderate voters and 80,000 radical voters are voting for a single official.If two moderate parties ran candidates and one radical candidate were to run, the radical candidate would win unless one of the moderate candidates gathered fewer than 20,000 votes. Observing this, moderate voters would be more likely to vote for the candidate most likely to gain more votes, with the goal of defeating the radical candidate. Either the two parties must merge, or one moderate party must fail, as the voters gravitate to the two strong parties, a trend Duverger called po larization (Duverger 1972).Smaller parties will never have a fair amount of representation in proportion to their size. FPTP tends to reduce the number of viable political parties to a greater extent than other methods. This makes it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. Canada has had 33 majority governments out of 41 elections (Parliament of Canada) FPTPs tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can potentially produce a government that may not consider a wide a range of perspectives and concerns.It is entirely possible that a voter will find that both major parties agree on a particular issue. In this case, the voter will not have any meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote. These voters will have to resort to tactical voting and vote for a candidate that they mostly disagree with in order to oppose a candidate they disagree with even more. This is a compromise that the voter should not have t o make in order to express them selves politically. The third problem with the FPTP system is that it is especially vulnerable to gerrymandering.Gerrymandering is the process of setting electoral districts in order to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander (Martis 2008). This process is very controversial in Canada and is viewed negatively when attempted. Governments in power to solidify their dominance at the federal and provincial level can use gerrymandering to increase voters in a riding where they do not have as many voters, giving them an unfair advantage upon re-election.The examples of gerrymandering and its effects can be seen in Canada today. The current federal electoral district boundaries in Saskatchewan have been labeled as evidence of gerrymandering, The provinces two major cities, Saskatoon and Regina, ar e both cracked into four districts each, when the populations of the cities proper would justify about three and two and a half of all-urban (or mostly urban) districts respectively the map instead groups parts of the New Democratic Party-friendly cities with large Conservative-leaning rural areas (Elections Canada)In 2006, a controversy arose on Prince Edward Island over the provincial governments decision to throw out an electoral map drawn by an independent commission. Instead the government created two new maps. The government adopted the second of these, designed by the caucus of the governing party. Opposition parties and the media attacked Premier Pat Binns for what they saw as gerrymandering of districts. Among other things, the government adopted a map that ensured that every current Member of the Legislative Assembly from the premiers party had a district to run in for re-election, whereas in the original map, several had been redistricted.Despite this, in the 2007 provinc ial election only 7 of 20 incumbent Members of the Legislative Assembly were re-elected and the government was defeated. Pat Binns attempt at gerrymandering and loss of the election showed that the Canadian people do not support gerrymandering by politicians (CBC) Even though the FPTP system has many criticisms it does have some qualities that are found attractive. Firstly FPTP systems are generally good at creating majority governments because of their winner take all attitudes.Majority governments are viewed as being more efficient because of their ability to swiftly pass laws through Parliament. However, majority governments increase their efficiency at the price of sacrificing a broader range of political views. Secondly, FPTP is a good way of discouraging extremist parties that seek to bring radical change to the government. This is because larger parties are favored to win seats so unless the party has a very concentrated electoral support the will generally never win any ridi ngs.FPTP has many criticisms and flaws that are easily exploited. These flaws can only be addressed by selecting a new electoral system. The FPTPs key flaw that underlies its criticisms is that it discounts or ignores minority parties and their voters. This effectively causes only voters of the major parties to be able to accurately express them selves politically. In a democracy every vote should count not just the votes cast for the winning party. This is why FPTP is not an adequate system for Canada. The FPTP system fails Canadian voters because it favors tactical voting orcing voters to make unnecessary compromises with their political beliefs. It perpetuates dominance of one or two main parties and discourages growth of newer, smaller parties. FPTP opens up the door for gerrymandering Politicians to take an unfair advantage to solidify their dominance in the government. In conclusion I think that Canadas First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed becau se it favors tactical voting it has a negative effect on smaller parties and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.

Satire: High School Students

Satire How to Succeed in School Being a gamey school student with a fair amount of feel and observation in the field of achieving good grades with minimal effort, I should like to bestow upon current and future high school students approximately advice that may race to their success. Before doing so, I would like to make clear that I do not necessarily endorse these methods. It is just observed that the application of these methods is shown to have worked with some of the most highly ranked high school students, the elite, and heres how they do it, and how you net too.Always wait until the last minute. This may seem counterintuitive, as teachers and pargonnts are always telling students to not procrastinate. However, procrastination is what drives a student to success. Procrastination gives a student the drive to finish that assignment or project that was depute weeks ago and is due tomorrow. As time boils down, a students senses become sharper, allowing them to focus on the ta sk at hand.How can one not enjoy the excitement of completing a project in the nick of time, or the pride felt when they have bested their friends in a competition of who can survive with the least amount of sleep? This brings me to my second piece of advice sleep in school. High school liveliness is extremely busy. Students mustiness balance schoolwork, homework, recreation, sleep, and a social life. Since, logically, recreation can only be done outside of school, homework must be done at home, and a social life must include elements outside of school, schoolwork and sleep should be done in school.Students already spend a good eight hours in school. so afterwards, they must complete hours of homework at home. Therefore, it is only logical that students use some school time to catch up on sleep, as they must be rejuvenated in order to deal with the massive amount of homework awaiting them after school. Study at the last minute as well. Teachers say that students should hire a li ttle every day. However, that does not help. By the time of the leaven, one pull up stakes already have forgotten what they have learned in the begin of the unit.Instead, if a student were to study everything last minute, they would remember it all for the test because they have just looked at it. You should study the day before, and preferably, on the day of the test to obtain maximum scores. Pay attention in class. That means, get ready for the teacher to call on you at any minute. It is important to always know what is going on to avoid looking like a fool and getting yelled at. When the teacher is not paying attention to the class, feel reposition to doze off. You must learn to multitask.Multitasking will help you get a lot more than done and make your life easier. A skilled high schooler can do homework, listen to their iPod, watch T. V, eat, and talk on the phone all at the same time. This maximizes productivity and efficiency, giving you time to do other, more important things, like hanging out or playing video games. Lastly, you must remember that play is greater than work. Play first, and work later. Why, you ask? Well, the shimmer you have now will release anxiety and stress over the work that you have to do in the future.After all the fun and games, your mind will enter the oh crap, I have to finish that project state. This state of mind will help you keep focus as the deadline looms closer, and maximizes productivity and efficiency as well because you are working your hardest to finish. So there it is. I present to you six pieces of wisdom coming straight from my personal observation of those at the top. arrive my advice, and you will soon find out how much effort is required of those who aspire to be the best.

Air India

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tawfik Jelassi in his book Strategies for e Business defined as the use of electronic means to perform an organisations business. Its a development in the e Commerce deals with online sales,online payment, Online Marketing etc. Since the presentment of E business in 1995 its been a voice in the growth of the company and changing the business structure. As a part of uncomplete fulfilment of my module I cast off chosen Air India meshwork site.Air India is unity of the leading carriers in International airways in INDIA it uses website extensively for the booking of rags and promotional strategies E business has became a tool for their growth in the past two years. This report is breakified into Two parts in the first part Over take hold of to the company and website is given and the Second part is entirely close Branding, Segmentation, ease of use and transactional facilities followed by conclusion and recommendations. COMPANY OVERVIEWAir India is an India ba sed world simple airlines company operating both passenger and cargo flights ranging from Boeing 747s to Airbus A -310. From the day the first flight took of way back in October 15,1932 it is representing the perfect example of both class and quality . Air India is set to transform into world class airline carrier after its merger with Indian Airlines the attracter in the domestic sector of airlines in India. In addition to the basic facilities providing to the passengers it also provide wide reach of in-flight facilities such as Air Shows, supply etc.Cargo Division of Air India transports wide range of goods and a shipment tracking service is also available online. Air India has got the Infrastructure on with the gainwork which ensures impregnable transportation and deliverance of cargo world wide. From the past lead years there is a phenomenal growth on both US and European sector since 2002 network has been expanded to Newark, Los Angeles along with New York and Chicago in US / Number of flights running to these destinations were increased from 10 to 24 flights includes daily run to Newark, New York, Chicago and a thrice a week flight to LosAngeles.Number of flights to United Kingdom were increased from 10 to 30 flights out of which 20 precede to London and Five To Birmingham. There is a significant increase in the frequency of flights to Far East and South Eastern Asia. In April 2005 Air Indias low cost subsidiary Airlines AIR INDIA EXPRESS came into existence operating flights to UAE, Qatar, Oman and Singapore. For the Financial Year ending March 2006 AIR INDIA has made a net profit of Rs 87,480 million with a 15% growth over the previous year. WEBSITE OVERVIEW picWeb site is very informative with all(a) the necessary attributes what an airline should have along with the special offers they have got with them. Through the internet fine booking which is available on the website a passenger can book shreds of his choice up to quintuplet adult s, four children and two infants and can pay the f atomic number 18 through calculate card or credit card at a time. These bookings can be made from three hours to 360 days prior to the departure of the flight. There are three kinds of ticketing methods available they are electronic ticketing, ticket by direct and ticket pick up at Airport .We can check the Time table of the flights, status of the flight both arrivals and departure along with the special considerments if essential such as meal preferences, seat and wheel chair. A hold idea regarding the cargo services offered by the Air Lines is given very all the way such as destinations they cover, specific weight limitations to particular destinations and the types of services they offer along with the cargo tracking facility through which we can know the delivery status of the shipment. Air India is distributing e tickets through AMADEUS.Now Air India will offer the Amadeus enabled e ticketing services across all of its International and Domestic services. This made the about content of the website available to the belong agencies this enables Air India to keep up the progress to improve both efficiency and Customer service. Branding A fool as defined by Philip Kotler is a term, sign, symbol or combination of these which is used by the consumers to identify the goods and services of unrivalled seller or group of sellers and to severalize them from those of the competitors .Brand identifies a market or the seller it can also be named as trade mark, Logo etc. A brand is a bargain by the seller to deliver constant benefits, features and services for the consumers. Brands vary with the amount of power and value they have got in the market. There are brands which have high degree of Brand Awareness, Brand Acceptability, Brand Preference and Brand Loyalty.High brand equity provides a number of advantages such as reduction of marketing costs because of brand awareness and brand loyalty, launch of extensions become easy because of brand name and creditability, this also offers the company some defense team against the price competition. A brand name needs to be carefully managed to book its brand equity in the market to maintain so the companies should require to improve brand awareness, perceived quality and functionality and the positive association ( Philip Kotler, Marketing Management Millennium edition pg no 406).Air India follows all the fundamentals of branding to maintain its brand equity. Air India came into the market in 1946 with a Muscat of Maharaja (Emperor) which is very popular among the costumers in India. The Muscat symbolizes graciousness and rich living. This attempt of use Muscat took Air Indias sales and promotional messages to millions of passengers across the world. Price with quality gives value and value is why people tend to choose nonpareil brand over the other. Brand Marketing, Joe Marconi(2000), foliate 34) this is what Air India follows and g aining loyalty among the costumers. All the offers and the promotional strategies they follow help in maintaining the brand equity. The varied facilities they provide in the flight including Dining, Music ranging from Indian to westerly and Japanese music and videos in India to Japan flights is one among the unique features it has got which is attracting the passengers who evaporate from and to Japan.The Frequent Flyer programme and temporary Return Programme are introduced increases the brand loyalty. Air India is increasing its services to maintain its brand equity and attracting the innovative costumers by starting flights to the new destinations and creating a new sector in the cabin crew for the passengers with special needs all these helps Air India to live in the minds of the guests as a sanitary brand.The quality of service and the commitment to increase the costumer satisfaction makes Air India a top brand in India in the aviation sector and with its merger with India n Airlines it is going create the same impact on the domestic passengers as it created on the international customers from the past 56 years when they came into the market as a brand. MARKET SEGMENTATION According to Philip Kotler market separateation is and effort do to increase the companys precision marketing. To segment consumer markets usually lookers look at the consumer characteristics such as Geographic, demographic, psychographic and behaviour. . Geographical Segmentation It involves dividing the markets into different geographical units such as Nations,States,Regions,Counties, Cities and Neighbourhoods. 2. Demographical Segmentation The market is divided into groups on the basis of variables such as Age, Size of the family, Family life cycle, gender, Income, Occupation, Education, Religion, Race, Generation, Nationality and Social Class. 3. Psychographic Segmentation In Psychographic Segmentation buyers or customers are divided into different groups based on lifecycle o r personality and values. . Behavioural Segmentation Here Buyers or Consumers are divided on the basis of their Attitude towards the product or company, use of it, benefits, work rate, loyalty status, Buyer Readiness stage . AIR INDIAS market segmentation is a mix of all the consumer behaviour segmentations as mentioned above. Factors such as, Air fare which varies from destinations to destinations this supports that based on the destinations the costumers travel fare depends on to which destination they are flying is Demographic way of segmentation.The companys website clearly provides all the basic necessities what an Airlines company should have. A passenger can book tickets whose family comprises up to five adults, four children and two infants where majority of family member range across the globe fall into this category. Seating arrangement are broadly classified into three based on the facilities provided like any other airlines. The three classes are First Class, Executive Class & Economy Class. The Preferences of the customers to book the class usually depends on their income, occupation, and Social Class.On the website if we se the two options while we book the ticket they are Restrictive fare and Flexible fare supports the above statement to some extent. All the variables such as Family size, income, occupation and social class are taken into consideration they all come under Demographic segmentation hence we can justify that the market segmentation of Air India follows Demographic segmentation. muckle who have got a life style of spending lavishly and love to be in esteemed state usually go with 1st class this life style is a variable of Psychographic segmentation.Air India provides extreme benefits for the passengers along with the basic needs such as Dining which offers a varied choice of menus ranging from Indian, Continental, to western nouvelle cuisine and Japanese meals on the India Japan route if any passenger has got special requirement varied choice of meals as many as 23 special meals whose details are present on the website. Serving first class passengers in Royal Dolton Bone China Crockery nd cloudburst bewarages which are served as complimentary in all classes are some examples of the benefits they provide the customers. Added to this in flight entertainment is provided with all accesses to different radio carry and offering music ranging from Indian to Jazz, Pop etc along with different videos of bollywood and many other regional languages are offered. Frequent Flyer programme and Flying backtrack programme are the most attractive offers for the air India costumers through this they earn mileage points to redeem their tickets faster.Flying return programme has a membership of over 2,00,000 in India , Gulf, UK, USA, all these offers and the benefits they provide increase the loyalty status and usage rate and all these are the variables of the behavioural segmentation. Hence from the above points it is clear and evident that the marketing segmentation of Air India is mix of all the consumer characteristic segments. EASE OF USE Air lines are victimization internet as an telling information dissemination and revenue generating channel (Connoly,Olsen Moore 1998).Standing(2000) claimed that the web has changed from pushing firms and services to pulling clients into value added opportunities that a company provide. According to Stuat (1996) an online catalogue should provide all the information what exactly customers need to make a purchase decision. All the promotions should include product information , product pricing and online ordering information. Connoly , Olsen, Moore (1998) argued that customers should know about Air Ticket prices , Schedules , and flight availability .Kucway (1997) stated that a appropriate airline website for starter should offer schedules , frequent flyer membership, tickets information and updated contact poesy for making reservations and a step beyond that i s ability to make e- reservations. Airlines compete not only among each other but also with the other online travel agents such as Travelocity supported by SABRE and Expedia supported by Microsoft. The most common complaints about an about any web page is the lengthened time needed to load the web pages and loads of graphical images though these kind of graphical images attract the viewer.For every 10 sec taken by the graphics to be mingy before the webpage content can be seen there is a risk of loosing 20% of viewers (Taylor 1999). So web designers should subdue to avoid putting heavy graphical images on the home page and should provide links to the related sites or pages where the information is quoted. A lucky business website notices customers to visit and purchase as it offers something of value more than that the customers cannot find any where else (Theobald and Dunsmore 2000) Some of the basic characteristics that make a successful airline website are (Stout 1996) 1.Avail ability of product pricing and product information. 2. Online ordering information for general products and services. 3. Provision for extra benefits for customers such as discounts on fares etc. 4. Fast loading web pages especially where home page is located. 5. Graphics should be kept in a small display size and scrolling text should be avoided. 6. And to cultivate customer loyalty. Air India website has got all the features what a successful air lines website should have only problem with home page loading.It is very easy to accesses the website the website is developed in such a way that a viewer or the customer can be able to know all the information he needs . It provides the customers with the give i. e. with all the aircrafts they have got with them and which kind aircraft they are using for which destinations this is one of the unique feature of this website. All the general information such as booking the tickets , destinations where they fly , offers they have got with them , special requests baggage tracking facility online etc. One of the unique features of this website is online cargo tracking facility.At the bottom of the homepage there links provided through which one can access the FAQs, Investor relations. About the Airlines etc. The website has been segmented into different pages and it is very easy to access the information it follows all the basic concepts and keep its brand name alive. Dave Chaffy in stated some principles which should be followed to design an effective webpage. If the web site is designed on these principles it will be substance abuser friendly and Air India website is one of the example of such websites with some exceptions.If the website is friendly then only the company can retain its costumers Air India is one of such website. TRANSACTIONAL FACILITIES Transactional facilities are one of the important characters of an airline website. As these airline websites are meant for reservations and payment of money usually so transactions are done at a higher rate on these websites. Company should be trusty and should give a durable service and the transactions should be catch Air India has got a data protection service which is present on the website.Its a kind of procedure followed while a passengers books a ticket as a measure of extending the security system one should be able to provide all the details of his including Passport number etc by using or becoming a YATRIK ID holder after this the costumer is directed to purchase of ticket where there is a credit card or debit card verification system. The transaction process is very easy after the costumer pays the fare then immediately there will be mail including everything in the costumers mail box .Air India has got a well implemented technology and security features to safe guard the all the personal and transactional details. induction From the above all points we can conclude that Air India is one of the best example for an success full Air Line company operating the website. Website is filed with all the important information what a customer or passenger needs before booking tickets. All the offers and the destinations to which they fly and the shipment tracking facility on line is one of the important and unique feature of the website.RECOMMENDATIONS By having a overall look at there are no significant problems with the website except the time taken by the home page to load which is the same case with many pages on the website. For every 10 seconds it takes for the graphics to be loaded before the complete Web page contents can be seen, there is a risk of losing 20% of the viewers (Taylor 1999) so keeping this view point the web page designers should be able to provide a efficient service overcoming this problem. The designers can break up the huge web page into multiple pages (Howe 1999).REFRENCES ? www. airindia. in. ? http//www. m-travel. com/news/2007/05/air_india_to_di. html. ? Marketing Management by Philip Kot ler Millennium edition. ? A study of Airlines Online Reservations on the Internet Rob Law and Rita Leung. Journal of Travel research 200039202. ? www. datamonitor. com Airlines in India Industry Profile November 2007 edition ,Reference code 0102-0756 ? E commerce Fundamentals and applications Henry chan, Ray Mondlee, Tharam Dillon, Elizabeth Chang 2001.

Labour relations Essay

do work relations refers to the relations between employers and employees. They be modify by certain eventors, including labour organizations, collective bargaining, labour market, government policy, the structure of the economy, labour legality and technological change. Since industrial relations are regularly connected with conglutinations, it is noteworthy that in Canada, until the 1970s, a greater demote of unions and union members belonged to American-based craft and industrial unions. According to some observers, incidence of strikes has been genuinely high and unusual in North American labour relations. Studies have withal disclosed that the frequency of savagery and unlawfulness emerging by of labour disputes has been much higher in the US and Canada than in other comparably industrialized countries. They include the congenerly recent development of large-scale mass unionization, a extensive deposit of pressure and roughhewn hostility arising from the boundless, e xtended and very often violent opposition of employers to unions intense organizational and leadership rivalries among unions the super decentralized structure of labour organization and collective bargaining in most industries and the absence of a strong or dominant labour party capable of gaining power at the national level.The relative strength of organized labour in Canada was also affected by cultural and ethnic divisions among workers, curiously the considerable gap between Francoph unmatchable and Anglophones, which was symbolized by the development of the separate francophone confederation of national trade unions in Qubec. Maintained geographic and political divisions also precluded effective unionization and often set the interests of the workers in one region against those in another. Politically, the labour movement had been divided since the turn of the century, when the trades and labour congress, backed by the American Federation of push back, ousted the activist k nights of labour. Disputes over conflicting beliefs, programs and organizational goals became less intense with the formation of the Canadian Labour Congress in 1956. Since then a lot of unions have subdued away from traditional American-controlled organizations in a drive for national sovereignty.Some are in the CLC and some in the Confederation of Canadian Unions. Government intercession is another factor progressively impacting labour relations. Since W.L. Mackenzie King, as national deputy minister, presented theindustrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907 to curb western Canadas militant coal-mine workers, governments in Canada have acted to maintain law and order and to protect employers property and latitude of action rather than to protect the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively. This course is apparent in a history of expeditious resort to mandatory intrusion, such as back-to-work legislation and obligatory adjudication, to settle disputes.Canadian Labour law of naturesBoth Federal and Provincial LawsCanadian labour laws cover version all employees in Canada with the majority (approximately 90%) covered under idyl labour laws. The remaining are secured under federal official labour law through the Canada Labour Code. The labour laws varies from one province to another. Canadian labour laws and employment laws are quite challenging to employers doing business in Canada as these laws are always being modified. Furthermore, to these consistent progressions, those employers having business all around Canada, or in different provinces, are concerned to dissimilarity in the employment laws of the various provinces and territories. What can also add to the employment act disputes is the fact that both the federal and the provincial governments can have jurisdiction over labour and employment issues in a province depending on which industry the enterprise operates in.These labour acts and employment acts can be very confusing to new businesses to the Canadian labour environment, as well as for local businesses that are expanding from provincial markets into the Canadian national market for goods and services. The constant change associated with employment and labour law in Canada poses a significant challenge for employers doing business here. That test is intensified by the fact that employers with operations across Canada whitethorn be subject to differing employment laws in each province.Canada Labour Code (CLC)Federal Employment LawCanada Labour Law alludes predominantly to the Canada Labour Code (CLC) which is the labour law consolidated under a federal Act, and which regulates work undertaken by the federal government or business undertakings that falls under federal jurisdiction.This Code consists of three parts1. Industrial relations Deals with the general industrial relations aspects covering the union-management interaction, union official recognition, a difference declaration in those industries that fall under federal jurisdiction. 2. Occupational health and Safety Lays out the legislation covering workplace health and safety issues in areas under federal jurisdiction. 3. Standard Hours, Wages, Vacations and Holidays This section interprets the federal employment standards which covers the conditions of employment such as operational hours, pay, common holidays, prison term off leave, layoffs, severance pay, and unreasonable dismissals, etc.ConclusionUnions still have a place in Canadian Workplace. Labour unions engage in collective bargaining with employers to determine issues such as salary, the rules and regulations of labour, and employee security. Unions also take on in political activities on behalf of workers and have historically had ties to political parties, such as the New Democratic Party (NDP). Unionized workers in Canada include industrial and office workers and public employees in government administration, schools, and hospitals, engineers, professors, nu rses, teachers, and other skilled workers. workforce are less expected to be unionized in private service-sector firms such as retail stores, restaurants, banks, and insurance companies, because employers in those areas have forcefully opposed unions. Labour organizations exist on a diversity of levels, from confined workplaces to global organizations.ReferenceJAMIESON, S. M. (2006). Labour Relations. Retrieved from http//www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/ term/labour-relations/h3_jump_0 Canadian Labour Laws Including Labour Relations Codes And Employment Laws. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canadian-labour-laws.html Canada Labour Code Federal Labour Relations Act And Regulations. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canada-labour-code.html MacDowell, L. S. (2004). Labour Unions in Canada. Retrieved from http//autocww.colorado.edu/toldy2/E64ContentFiles/HistoryOfTheAmericas/LaborUnionCanada060130.html